tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51067025338289885732024-03-16T19:52:44.025+01:00HSE and Fire protection | safety, OHSA, health, environment, process safety, occupational diseasesWe offers HSE consultancy and provides online free guidance, resources, discussion forum, News, legislation, regulations, HSE jobs, Publications and Articles on 2020 workplace Health, Safety, Environment, process safety management and Fire Protection.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger138125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-15976712847104630162023-12-29T15:14:00.000+01:002023-12-29T15:14:13.532+01:00Theme for 53 National Safety Day/ Week Campaign - 4th March 2024 – Slogans and posters<p style="text-align: center;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoFPHv73EOe45d4oXlZfoPHtDIjX6ZNxP-NRGKFA5ykKIguvZpGxye_8CKXHrCkQfLZzGrbda7Qp3HfNgWVzxSnUwxFXoL5uyVfgL-vWNeKzuRz-w_7A8XDlCS6gGto-juMi1PkEIaR2U/s850/theme-national-safety-day-slogan-quote-poster.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Theme for National Safety Day 4th March/ Week campaign 2024 – Slogans and posters" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="850" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoFPHv73EOe45d4oXlZfoPHtDIjX6ZNxP-NRGKFA5ykKIguvZpGxye_8CKXHrCkQfLZzGrbda7Qp3HfNgWVzxSnUwxFXoL5uyVfgL-vWNeKzuRz-w_7A8XDlCS6gGto-juMi1PkEIaR2U/s16000/theme-national-safety-day-slogan-quote-poster.jpg" title="Theme for National Safety Day 4th March/ Week campaign 2024 – Slogans and posters" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Theme for National Safety Day 2024</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Theme for 53 National Safety Day 4<sup>th</sup> March/ Safety Week campaign 2024 – Slogans and
posters</span></b></h2><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: large; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">National Safety Day 2024 Theme: </span></strong></h3><p style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;">The theme for<b> National Safety Week campaign 2024</b> is </span><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">“</span></span></b></i><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Our Aim – Zero Harm</b></span><i><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">”</span></span></b></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Every year, the </span></strong><strong><i><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">National Safety Council of India (<a href="https://nsc.org.in/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">NSC</a>)</span></i></strong><strong><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;"> publishes the </span></strong><strong><i><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">theme of National Safety Day</span></i></strong><strong><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;"> and urges organizations to lead the safety <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign" target="_blank">campaign</a> to educate people
about industrial safety. Last year, the National Safety Council of India
announced the </span></strong><strong><i><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">theme for National Safety Day
2022</span></i></strong><strong><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;"> was </span></strong><i><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">“</span><span>Nurture young minds - Develop safety culture</span><span style="color: #2b00fe;">”</span></span></b></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script></span></i></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">On <b><i>March
4, National Safety Day</i></b> is also celebrated as the founding day of the
Indian Nationals Safety Council (NSC). The first National Safety Day (NSD)
campaign was launched in 1972 and has been held annually. <b><i>March 4, 2024 is the 52 campaign</i></b> and continues to grow into a major national campaign which is
widely celebrated by industry, unions, government departments, regulatory
agencies, NGOs and institutions with the active support of central governments
and states and the media. It had an impact on the industrial scenario at the
national level by contributing to increased awareness of safety and reduction
of accidents. Although the name is <b><i>National Safety Day, March 4,</i></b> but
the safety awareness campaign including raising awareness among workers,
community, school, organizing safety posters and slogan competitions, safety
demonstrations and many other safety campaigns is organized for a week from
March 4 to 10.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">People should be aware
of the <b><i>theme of National Safety Day</i></b> and it should be posted in
prominent places in the national language i.e. Hindi and local languages.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">Theme of National
Safety Day 2024 in English, Hindi, Marathi and Gujarati</span></b></h3><h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><b>Theme of National
Safety Day 2024 is</b></span></h4><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">“</span></span></b></i><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">OUR AIM – ZERO HARM</span></b><i><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">”</span></span></b></i></p><h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><b>Here is the Theme of
National Safety Day 2024 in Hindi</b></span></h4><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></i></b><b><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span></i></b><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>हमारा लक्ष्य - शून्य हानी </b></span></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt;">” </b></span></span></span></span></i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><b>Theme of the National
Safety Day 2024 in Marathi</b></span></h4><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;">“</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><b><i>आमचं ध्येय - </i></b></span></span><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>शून्य नुकसान</b></span></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</b></span></span></span></span></i></p><h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Theme of the National
Safety Day 2024 in Gujarati</span></h4><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti;">“</span></i></b><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>અમારું ધ્યેય - શૂન્ય નુકસાન</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</b></span></span></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">List of Nation Safety
Day theme since 2023</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2023 - "</span><b style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Our Aim – Zero Harm"</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2022 - </span><i><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">“Nurture young minds - Develop safety culture”</span></span></b></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2021 - “Learn from
disaster and prepare for a safer future”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2019 – “</span><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Enhance <b>Health & Safety Performance</b> by
Use of Advanced Technology”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2018 - </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“Reinforce positive behaviour at the workplace to realise safety
and health goals”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2017 - </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“Keep Each Other Safe”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2016 - </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“Strengthen Safety Movement To Realise Zero Harm”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2015 - “Build a <a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2019/12/Concept-Safety-Culture-assessment-indicators.html" target="_blank">Safety Culture</a> for Sustainable Supply Chain”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2014 - </span><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">"Workplace Management and Risk Control" and "<b>Safety</b>:
It Takes Us Everything"<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2013 - “Working
Together to Ensure <b>Safe</b> and Healthy Workplace”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2012 - </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“Ensure a secure and healthy working environment – A fundamental
human right”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2011 – “Establish and maintain preventative safety and health
culture”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">National
Safety Day 2023 Slogans</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Think safe, be safe<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety is an individual
responsibility<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><i></i></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitEmBx5vqZyeDWhZDDOZaC15MREmSz8AsaJaNfRRaDM3dy6mxgckkLTnCnz6TbOZv6rlwzE1I1I7_Ica_K1jB8FGOYV-E7HSvlBxP-V0tjRZ6C8y3hj0gWXqaO23D89hemBFXYpEtx3Ck/s900/safety-slogans-national-safety-day-theme-quote+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="National Safety Day 2022 Slogans and safety posters" border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitEmBx5vqZyeDWhZDDOZaC15MREmSz8AsaJaNfRRaDM3dy6mxgckkLTnCnz6TbOZv6rlwzE1I1I7_Ica_K1jB8FGOYV-E7HSvlBxP-V0tjRZ6C8y3hj0gWXqaO23D89hemBFXYpEtx3Ck/s16000/safety-slogans-national-safety-day-theme-quote+%25281%2529.jpg" title="National Safety Day 2022 Slogans and safety posters" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">National Safety Day 2022 Slogans and safety posters</td></tr></tbody></table><i><br /><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></i><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Always be responsible
for your safety and the safety of others.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">No one can go back and
start over!<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">No Safety - Know the
Pains<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">No rest for safety<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Take responsibility for your safe work
environment. Having the strength to do the right thing every time, even if it
seems easier not to do it.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><i></i></p><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></i><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">A Safety advisor is
part of the team, rest assured this is not always bad<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">When the sun is
shining and frying your head, seek shade and water.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The finish line of the
stop is on site, so avoid any accidents with all your might.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety is the seam
that binds the fabric of life. Don't let a loose thread untangle everything.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Pull your head up when
the low beam headlights are close or your head may be forced back.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">If you are helping
someone, make sure they have a glove.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">If you are feeling the
heat, do whatever you want and keep drinking the water.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Use your brain. Avoid
stress.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">When it rains and
puddles form, take cover and protect your tool<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><i></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety is the engine
and you are the key that turns it on.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">If you are not aware
of safety, you could end up unconscious.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">When you are working
at heights and there is an edge nearby, don't be brave, your next step could
lead to a grave. Fall restraint will give you the benefit of continuing to
live.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">A good safety culture
is built over time. Never give<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Without Safety, there are no expectations.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Plan ahead, always put safety first.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Safety is about doing the right thing, even if
no one is watching, because safety starts with me<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2021 Safety Quotes,
Sayings & Slogans<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety is the engine
and you are the key that turns it on.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><i></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The finish line from
the stop is spot on, so stay trouble-free with all your might.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">For every
misunderstood genius, there are 100 perfectly understood idiots. - Phil LaDuke<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">If Safety is “zero
harm” then love must be “zero hate”. - Dave Collins<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">I don't like Safety
anymore. - Rob Sams<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The concern for man
himself and his safety must always be the main concern of any technical
enterprise. - Albert Einstein<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><i></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The real enemy of
Safety is not disrespect, but not reflection. - Dr Rob Long<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Working safely can get
old, but so do those who practice it. - A stranger<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Know Safety, No
Injury! No safety, know the injuries! - A stranger<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety never takes a
vacation. - A stranger<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">There is always a
Safety in value. - Ralph Waldo Emerson<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety is something
that goes between your ears, not something that you hold in your hands. - Jeff
Cooper<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><i></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Protection against
external dangers is the most powerful director of national conduct. - Alexander
Hamilton<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety is always
safety. - Charles M. Hayes<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The best Safety is
fear. - William Shakespeare<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety is an
inexpensive and effective insurance policy. - A stranger<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The safety of our team
members must always come before the production of our parts.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Safety
Slogans in Hindi for National Safety day 2023</span></b></h3><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“नजर</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हटी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दुर्घटना</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">घटी”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: center;"></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">और</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बाद</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सदा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रहे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आपके</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">साथ”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कीजिये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आनंद</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">उठाइये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“सज्जन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">व्यक्ति</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">वही</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सेफ्टी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अपनाये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सही”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हमारी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">प्रथम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">प्राथमिकता</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“सुरक्षा का मतलब दुर्घटना से मुक्ति है”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">पालन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">करें</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">और</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जिंदा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रहें</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">की</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कुंजी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आपके</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हाथ</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">में</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है, इसका ठीक से उपयोग करो”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“नो”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सेफ्टी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, “</span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नो”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">पेन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“सुरक्षा एक विकल्प नहीं है, लेकिन जीवित रहने की आवश्यकता है”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“अपनी आंखों की सुरक्षा के लिए सुरक्षा चश्मे का उपयोग करें, आंख महत्वपूर्ण
हैं”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नियम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आपके</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सर्वोत्तम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">उपकरण</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हैं’</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“सचेत</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रहें</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> - </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">चोट</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">न</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">लगें - दुर्घटना को दूर रखें”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“दर्पण में, आप आम आदमी नहीं दिख रहे हैं, आप</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अपनी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">लिए</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जिम्मेदार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">व्यक्ति</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">को</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">देख</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रहे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हैं”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“सेफ्टी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">टोल्ड</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">लाइफ</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">इज़</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">गोल्ड</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आप</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दुर्घटना</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">को</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">करो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">क्लीन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बोल्ड</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नाता</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जोड़ो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">असुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मुह</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मोड़ो”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“अपनी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">ना</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बगावत</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दुर्घटना</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">को</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मत</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दावत”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">में</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बरतो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">तो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">होगी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हमारी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: center;"></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मापदंड</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">करो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अनुसरण</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">उपकरणों</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">को</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हमेशा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">धारण</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कीजिये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आनंद</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">उठाइये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">वाहन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">धीमा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">चलाये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अपना</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कीमती</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बचाये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सेफ्टी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रखो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">ध्यान</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">इससे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">ही</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">की</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">धारा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">संभल</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रखो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">इसको</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जिंदगी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">न</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मिलेगी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दोबारा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सतर्क</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रहे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रहे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्ष्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">उपकरणों</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">प्रयोग</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कर्त्तव्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हमारा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कर्त्तव्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हमारा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> , </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जुड़ा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">परिवार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हमारा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नियमो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">करो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सामान</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">न</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">होगी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दुर्गटना</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">न</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">होंगे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आप</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">परेशान</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">में</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नियम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">तोड़ो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मत</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जिंदगी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नाता</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">तोड़ो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मत</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अगर</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बच्चो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">प्यार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">तो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">में</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">भी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नाता</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जोड़ों</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">यार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दुघर्टना</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">देर</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">भली</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सेफ्टी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">टोल्ड</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">लाइफ</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">इज़</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">गोल्ड</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> , </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आप</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दुर्घटना</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">को</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">करो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">क्लीन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बोल्ड</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">में</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अपनी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">भलाई</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">की</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कमाई</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">यही</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नारा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">भरा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">परिवार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हमारा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">लिए</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">करो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सरे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जतन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">विकसित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">विधि</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हमारी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">उपकरणों</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">प्रयोग</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सबकी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जिमेदारी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">में</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अपनी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">भलाई</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">की</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कमाई</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दोस्ती</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">तोडेगा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">वह</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">एक</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दिन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दुनिया</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">भी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">छोडेगा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">में</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">उजियारा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">असुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">में</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आधियारा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रहिये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> , </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हेलमेट</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">पहनिए</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">शुद्ध</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">उत्पादन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">प्रक्रिया</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">की</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">ये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">विद्या</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">और</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बाद</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सदा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रहे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आपके</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">साथ</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आपकी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आपके</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">परिवार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">की</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कीजिये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आनंद</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">लीजिये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मायने</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हजार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">में</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बहार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दोस्ती</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">तोडेगा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">वह</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">एक</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दिन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दुनिया</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">भी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">छोडेगा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हर</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दिन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दिन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">को</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अवकाश</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नहीं</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: center;"></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बैठा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">यमराज</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">वह</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">पर</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नहीं</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जहां</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">पर</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">विधि</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हमारी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> , </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">उपकरणों</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">प्रयोग</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सबकी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जिमेदारी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दौरान</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हमेशा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रहो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अलर्ट</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">इससे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आप</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रहेंगे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कम्फर्ट</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">समय</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">न</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">करो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बाते</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दुर्घटनाओं</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">को</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">पास</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">क्यू</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बुलाते</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">भली</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">की</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">गाड़ी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">भली</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सड़क</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कहती</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">की</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">भली</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कर्त्तव्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हमारा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जुड़ा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">परिवार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हमारा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कीजिये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> , </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आनंद</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">लीजिये</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">धरती</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">पर</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अगर</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">को</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बढ़ाना</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">तो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नियमो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">को</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अपनाना</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">प्रयास</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">विकास</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मशीनों</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अगर</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">रखेंगे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">ध्यान</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">तो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">साथ</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">उत्पादनों</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">में</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">भी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">होंगे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कमाल</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">ढंग</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सारे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सपने</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">साकार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">करो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">वरण</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> , </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षित</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">कार्य</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दुर्घटना</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">का</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हरण</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मायने</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">है</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हजार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> , </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">से</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जीवन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">में</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हे</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बहार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मत</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">करो</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">इतनी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">मस्ती</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">जिंदगी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नहीं</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हैं</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सस्ती</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">बाद</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">काम</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">के</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">साथ</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आपकी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आपके</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हाथ</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आपकी</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">आपके</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">परिवार</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">की</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">हर</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दिन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">दिन</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">सुरक्षा</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">को</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">अवकाश</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">नहीं</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 24.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 24pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">Quotes and Saying on safety - National Safety Day 2023</span></b></h3><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;"> “The financial waste resulting from
recklessness is appalling, but anyone who pauses for a moment to reflect on the
pain and desolation it brings thousands of lives each year from utter
recklessness must feel a new determination to take it on. The "Safety
First" Habit. - WC Durant<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><em></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"Teaching the world to be careful is a
constructive service worthy of the great gift of life that God gives to
man." - United States Supreme Court Justice Harold H. Burton<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"Superficial men believe in luck; wise
and strong men in cause and effect. - Ralph Waldo Emerson<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"Someone is sitting in the shade today
because someone planted a tree a long time ago." - Warren Buffett,
investor and philanthropist<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;"> <o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">“Safety applies with equal force to the
individual, the family, the employer, the state, the nation, and international
affairs. Safety, in its broadest sense, is about humanity's happiness,
satisfaction, and freedom. - William M. Jeffers, former president of the Union
Pacific Railroad<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"The least expected danger arises
earlier." - Voltaire, French playwright<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"At the end of the day, the goals are
simple: safety and Safety." - Jodi Rell <o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"The safety of the people is the supreme
law." - Marco Tulio Cicero, Roman philosopher<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"The first duty and highest obligation of
government is public safety." - Arnold<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"Courage is resistance to fear, mastery
of fear, not absence of fear." - Mark Twain<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">“Safety means first aid for the unharmed. Safety
is not expensive, it is priceless. "<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"A thousand times more attention is
better than once dead." proverb<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"Who can hope to be safe" who, being
careful enough "guards himself as best he can, every moment is an
ambush". - Horacio<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"His Safety team is in his ears, anyone
who likes the Zero Harm concept obviously has nothing to like." - Dave
Collins<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"What is now proven was only once
imagined." Hindsight is a wonderful thing, but foresight is better,
especially when it comes to saving lives or saving pain! - William Blake<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"Safety is 30% common sense, 80%
compliance, and the rest is good luck." - Barry Spud<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"Paper doesn't save people, people save
people." - Dan Peterson<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"Avoid the worst and put safety first,
because being safe today will keep you alive tomorrow."<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"Accidents, and especially accidents on
the streets and highways, do not happen, they are caused." - Ernest
Greenwood<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">"Working safely is like breathing; if you
don't, you die"<o:p></o:p></span></em></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">“Safety is a common denominator in all aspects
of life, that is why knowledge must always be shared. It is not a question of
industry, it is a question of humanity "- Doug Bourne</span></em><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Summary</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Theme of National Safety Day 2023 in English,
Hindi, Marathi and Gujarati is </span></b><i><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">“</span></span></b></i><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>Our Aim – Zero Harm</b></span><i><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">”</span></span></b></i><i><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">, </span></span></b></i><b><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">“</span></i></b><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 32px; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>हमारा लक्ष्य - शून्य हानी </b></span></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</b></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 32px; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span><span><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt;">, </b></span></span></span></i><b><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;">“</span></i></b><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 32px; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;"><span><span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>सु</b></span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><b><i>आमचं ध्येय - </i></b></span></span><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 32px; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;"><span><span><span><span style="font-family: Mangal, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>शून्य नुकसान</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 32px; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;"><span><span><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”, </b></span></span></span></i><b><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti;">“</span></i></b><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 32px; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>સલામતી સંસ્કૃતિ વિકસાવવા </b></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 32px; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>યુવાનોને </b></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 32px; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti;"><span><span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>પ્રોત્સાહિત કરો</b></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 32px; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b>મારું ધ્યેય - શૂન્ય નુકસાન</b></span></span></span></span></span></i><i><span style="background: white; color: #00b050; line-height: 32px; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti;"><span><span><b style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt;">”</b></span></span></span></i></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety
slogans and posters</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> are the best means of communication to
educate people about the importance of safety. <b><i>Safety slogans and safety poster</i></b>
contests can be held for workers and employees as part of the <b><i>National
Safety Day 2023 theme campaign</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: large;"><b>Related Articles</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><a href="https://safetyquiz.safeworldhse.com/2020/07/safety-quiz-for-national-safety-day.html" target="_blank">Quiz on National Safety Day 202</a>3</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2021/02/safety-pledge-oath-english-hindi-marathi.html" target="_blank">Safety Pledge for National Safety Day 202</a>3</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-76805799412650445042023-02-04T18:36:00.000+01:002023-02-04T18:36:05.730+01:00Process Safety Management (PSM) | 14 Elements of PSM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: silver;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Process Safety Management (PSM)</span></span></b></h2>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Here we are trying to understand the basic definition
of “<b><i>Process Safety Management</i></b> (PSM)”, requirement in hazardous industries and its
element for better implementation of systems.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The various lines of
defense included in the design and operation of the process to prevent or
reduce the release of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_hazardous_chemical" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hazardous chemicals</a> must be evaluated and strengthened to
ensure their effectiveness at all levels.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> Process safety is proactive and centers on the
Safety Integrity of the process. </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCZUju4mlq0nMKKXdKCzgbY0Okd2n0lQdYBJxKPGq1uXe-8goa_2ZP2zDCVjgFtBtaV-1MbYj6SyLbGBwvKhyphenhyphenP-n18Jz1OB9I7adwxn2kZyOzaFnhQC7rLm_MEm1rAuPMWoD1znhUJbN0/s1600/Process-Safety-Management.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Process Safety Management" border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="750" height="524" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCZUju4mlq0nMKKXdKCzgbY0Okd2n0lQdYBJxKPGq1uXe-8goa_2ZP2zDCVjgFtBtaV-1MbYj6SyLbGBwvKhyphenhyphenP-n18Jz1OB9I7adwxn2kZyOzaFnhQC7rLm_MEm1rAuPMWoD1znhUJbN0/s640/Process-Safety-Management.jpg" title="Process Safety Management" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Process Safety Management</td></tr>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Definition of Process Safety Management</span></b></h3>
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<i><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">"Process Safety Management is the proactive
identification, evaluation and prevention of chemical releases that could occur
as a result of failures in process, procedures, or equipment"-OHSA.</span></b></span></i><i><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><b><i>Process safety</i></b> for the most part
alludes to the anticipation of unwanted releases of chemicals, energy or other
conceivably dangerous materials during process that can seriously affect the
plant and nature.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">After series of serious accidents (like Bhopal gas
Tragedy & Piper alpha, North Sea) that occurred in 1980's, <a href="https://www.osha.gov/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">OSHA</a>
(Occupational Safety and Health Administration) developed Process Safety
Management rules in 1992. These rules made mandatory in USA for Chemicals handling,
storing/processing above a threshold value. Elements under PSM rule set the
requirement for management of hazards associated with processes using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_hazardous_chemical" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">highly hazardous chemicals</a>.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Scope of Process Safety Management</span></b></h3>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Process Safety Management is applicable in a
process which involves a chemical at or above the specified Threshold
Quantities (TQ) listed in annexure of the <a href="https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.252" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rule 29 CFR 1910.252 (a)</a>; or <span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">A process that
involves a flammable liquid or gas at the site at a location, in an amount of
10,000 pounds (4,535.9 kg) or more.</span>.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Elements of Process Safety Management</span></b></h3>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">For better understanding, all elements of Process
Safety Management can be divided in different group.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Group-1: Knowledge and operational control</span></u></b><b><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Process safety information</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Operating procedures</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Hot work permit and other Safe work practices</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Contractors management</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Training</span></li>
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<b><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Group-2: Hazard identification and controls</span></u></b><b><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Process hazard analysis</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Management of change</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Pre-startup safety review</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Mechanical integrity</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Group-3: Incident learning and response</span></u></b><b><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Incident investigation</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Emergency planning and response</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Group-4: Participation and Management </span></u></b><b><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Employee participation</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Compliance audit</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Trade secretes</span></li>
</ul>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswYd09jhmacKfVkqyxVPLazEUbeG05IHXPpX7od41d_wCsYuSS-LsoDu66pFe1Am5FDjHeTFuJwR39b7eXAZoLw-e6CH4uvPeJGIhB7hz15G9jcKohQD4KkHjT4_g60vlYalM3sVI1fc/s1600/Process-Safety-Management-Elements.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Elements of Process Safety Management" border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="750" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgswYd09jhmacKfVkqyxVPLazEUbeG05IHXPpX7od41d_wCsYuSS-LsoDu66pFe1Am5FDjHeTFuJwR39b7eXAZoLw-e6CH4uvPeJGIhB7hz15G9jcKohQD4KkHjT4_g60vlYalM3sVI1fc/s640/Process-Safety-Management-Elements.jpg" title="Process Safety Management" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elements of Process Safety Management</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: silver; font-size: 14pt;">Knowledge and operational control</span></b></h3>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Process
Safety Information</span></b></h4>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">The purpose of Process Safety
Information (PSI) is to bring awareness to all employees, workers and their
representatives involved in process operation to identify and understand the hazards
posed by those processes involving hazardous </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif">chemicals by sharing information on process
technology, process equipment <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">and chemical
hazards.</span></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">MSDS can
be used as source for getting chemical information ie. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">toxicity</a>, TLV, physical
data, reactivity, etc. whereas information on process technology can be get
from process flow diagram, process chemistry, safe limits of process parameters,
etc. Information on equipment can be collected from its manufacturer data sheet,
P&IDs and other engineering designs.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Operating
Procedures</span></b></h4>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The purpose of operating procedures is to provide
clear instructions for performing particular process activities safely in consistent
with the Process Safety.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The operating procedures shall be developed for
each of the operating phases and must address below elements;</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Operating phase:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Initial Startup</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Normal operations & emergency operations</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Normal shutdown & emergency shutdown</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Operating limits:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Consequences of deviation</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Steps required for correcting or avoiding
deviation.</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Safety, Health and Environments:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Properties and hazards of chemicals used in the process.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Exposure prevention measures (including
engineering controls, administrative controls, and <a href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">PPE</a>)</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Control measures on physical contact or airborne
exposure occurs.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Quality control of raw materials and control of
levels of stocks of hazardous chemicals.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Safety limits (e.g., interlocks, detection,
or suppression systems) and their functions</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">
</span></b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKMvDLAzi82N0YSE_pjta3gXkAgQrKlqQ30P4W5vFHgxP06Bflp38gV7DbEFvssbdfBTsoagV-cJrFGm-HT8NgAQG9VKk38BMtvs74XZ8kQbvbG3VtoRcFljyNgUwQQCjg9JrAaARBOHU/s1600/Process-Safety-management_1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Requirement of operating procedures" border="0" data-original-height="534" data-original-width="750" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKMvDLAzi82N0YSE_pjta3gXkAgQrKlqQ30P4W5vFHgxP06Bflp38gV7DbEFvssbdfBTsoagV-cJrFGm-HT8NgAQG9VKk38BMtvs74XZ8kQbvbG3VtoRcFljyNgUwQQCjg9JrAaARBOHU/s640/Process-Safety-management_1.jpg" title="Process Safety Management" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Requirement of operating procedures</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></h4>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Hot
work permit and other safe work practices</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Working in hydrocarbon processing or/and handling installations
presents special risk and in order to provide safe working conditions and to
carry out the special work in restricted area safely, a Work Permit System
shall be followed. The basic purpose of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permit_To_Work" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Work Permit System</a> is to ensure
that work is carried out in the safest possible manner to prevent injuries to
personnel and protect property damage by avoiding fire, explosion, or release
of toxic chemicals.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">The employer issues a
permit for hot work activities that are performed in or near a covered process</span>. The permit must
document the fire prevention and protection requirements prior to beginning the
hot work operations. It shall indicate the date authorized for hot work; and
identify the object on which hot work is to be performed. The permit must be retained
until completion of the hot work.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Contractors
Management</span></b></h4>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">This element applies to contractors who perform maintenance or repair
work, major renovations or specialized work in or in addition to a covered
process, and not to contractors who provide auxiliary services, such as
concierge, catering, laundry, delivery or other services, procurement services.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Employer Responsibilities:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">For selecting the contractor, obtain and evaluate his
safety performance. </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">Inform contractual employers about the known
potential risks of fire, explosion or toxic substances related to the work and
process of the contractor.</span></span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Explain On -Site Emergency Plan.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Develop and implement safe work practices consistent
with his activities.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Periodically evaluate the performance of contract employers.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Contract Employer Responsibilities:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Assure his employees are trained in the relevant work
practices and made aware on potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards
and emergency action plan. Training record must be maintained.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Create a file with the identity of the contractual employee, the date of
the training and the means used to verify if the employee has fully understood
the training.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Inform any unique hazards presented at his
workplace.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
Read more on <a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2019/12/Contractor-Safety-Management-improve-worker-perception.html" target="_blank">contractor management</a><br />
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></h4>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Training</span></b></h4>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">All employees before being involved in operating a
process must be trained in an overview of the process and in its operating
procedures to manage the process safely and efficiently. Employer may certify
in writing that the employees have the required competency to safely carry out
the duties and responsibilities. </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Update courses should be given at least every three years, or more
frequently if necessary, to each employee involved in the implementation of a
process, to ensure that the employee understands and complies with the current
operational procedures of the process. The training file must be maintained.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: silver; font-size: 14pt;">Hazard identification and control</span></b></h3>
</div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Process
Hazard Analysis</span></b></h4>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The purpose of Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) is to
minimize the likelihood of the occurrences and consequences of a dangerous
substance release by identifying, evaluating, and controlling the events that
could lead to the release. </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">It provides information that helps you make decisions to improve safety
and reduce the effects of unwanted or unplanned emissions of hazardous
chemicals.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWqTjesIM8_2s9jr8JSHuRLMBcS1KEYy4U1gTR-Hb8YiC8RRWThj-S9PbMx7R-JR_MCnJ1hyJiv1Ll_bMycrOfmAHmjnmtfesyQsJa9sXN8jXloafjtOGskEkyenKer-z-v4-jLeLlVbI/s1600/Process-Safety-Management_2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Process hazard Analysis" border="0" data-original-height="544" data-original-width="750" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWqTjesIM8_2s9jr8JSHuRLMBcS1KEYy4U1gTR-Hb8YiC8RRWThj-S9PbMx7R-JR_MCnJ1hyJiv1Ll_bMycrOfmAHmjnmtfesyQsJa9sXN8jXloafjtOGskEkyenKer-z-v4-jLeLlVbI/s640/Process-Safety-Management_2.jpg" title="Process Safety Management" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Process hazard Analysis</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Initial Process Hazard Analysis: </span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The employer must perform an initial Process
Hazard Analysis (hazard evaluation) on all processes covered by this standard.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Selection of the methodology:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> The Process Hazard Analysis methodology selected
must be appropriate to the complexity of the process and must identify, evaluate.
and control the hazards involved in the process. </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">The employer must, as the case may be, use one or more of the following
methods to determine and assess the hazards of the analyzed process.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">i.e. What-if, Checklist, What-if/checklist,
Hazard and Operability Study (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_and_operability_study" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank">HAZOP</a><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">), Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_mode_and_effects_analysis" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank">FMEA</a><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">),
Fault Tree Analysis (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_tree_analysis" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank">FTA</a><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">), or an appropriate equivalent methodology.</span></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Factors to be included in the PHA:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> Whichever method(s) are used, the PHA must address
the following:</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The hazards of the process.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Consideration of previous incident that had a
potential for catastrophic consequences in the workplace.</span></li>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Technical and administrative controls that apply to hazards and their
interrelations, such as the correct application of detection methods to provide
early emission alerts. (Acceptable detection methods may include monitoring and
process control instruments with alarms and detection equipment such as oil
sensors).</span></div>
</li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Consequences of the failure of technical and administrative controls.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Facility location.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Human factors and a qualitative evaluation of a range of possible
effects on the safety and health of employees in the workplace in case of
failure of controls.</span></li>
</ul>
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<ul>
</ul>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Team Formation for Process Hazard Analysis</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">: </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">The PHA must be
performed by a team with experience in engineering and process operations, and
this team must include at least one employee who has experience and knowledge
of the process to be evaluated. In addition, a team member must know the
specific analysis methods.</span></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Establishment of Recommendation Tracking System:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> The employer must establish a system to address
promptly the team's findings and recommendations; assure that the
recommendations are resolved in a timely manner and documented. Develop a
written schedule of when these actions are to be completed; complete actions as
soon as possible; and communicate the actions to operating, maintenance, and
other employees whom work is assigned and who may be affected by the
recommendations or actions.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif"><b>Re-validation</b></span></span><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> and Updating of Process Hazard Analysis:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> At least every five years after the completion of
the initial process hazard analysis, the hazard analysis shall be updated and
re-validated by a team to assure that the PHA is consistent with the current
process.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Record Keeping:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">Employers must retain the PHA and any update or extension for any
process found in this section, as well as the documented resolution of the
recommendations.</span><br />
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></h4>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Management
of Change</span></b></h4>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The intent of the Management of Change (MOC) is to
manage modifications to technology, equipment, facilities, processing conditions
or any changes within the documented technology, which are not a replacement in
kind. All plant changes should be identified and reviewed prior to their
implementation and the impact of design; operational and procedural Changes on process
safety should be addressed and controlled.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Written procedure of MOC:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">The employer must establish and implement written procedures to manage
the changes (with the exception of "in-kind substitutions") to treat
chemicals, technology, equipment and procedures; and changes in the
characteristics that affect a covered process.</span><br />
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</div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Considerations to be addressed prior to any change:
</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The procedures shall
assure that the following considerations are addressed prior to any change:</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The technical basis for the proposed change</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Impact of change on safety and health</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Modifications to operating procedures</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Necessary time period for the change</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Authorization requirements for the proposed change</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Communication and Training:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">Employees involved in the operation, maintenance and hired employees
whose functions may be affected by a change in the process must receive
training in the change before the start of the process or an affected part of
the process. They must be informed of the scope of the process hazards.</span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Process safety Information Update:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">On the off chance
that an adjustment in this segment changes the procedure data, this data ought
to be refreshed likewise</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Operating Procedure Update:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> If a change covered by this section results in a
change in the operating procedures or practices, such procedures or practices shall
be updated accordingly.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></h4>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Pre-Startup
Safety Review</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The purpose of Pre-Startup Safety Review (PSSR) is
to ensure that new/modified facility is ready for safe and continuous
operation.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The PSSR must confirm the following, prior to the
introduction of highly hazardous chemicals to a process.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Construction and equipment meet design specifications.</span></div>
</li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Safety, operation, maintenance and emergency procedures are present and
adequate.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">For new modified facilities, a MOC procedure had
been followed, and all HAZOP recommendations have been implemented before startup.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Training of each employees involved in operating a
process has been completed.</span></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">9.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><b style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Mechanical
Integrity</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The purpose of mechanical integrity is to ensure the
availability of process and components on demand as per the design intent, which
include the following:</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Pressure vessels and storage tanks.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Piping systems.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Relief & vent systems and devices.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Emergency shutdown systems.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Critical controls (including monitoring devices
and</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">sensors, alarms, and interlocks); and</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Pumps and Compressors</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">We must ensure written procedures to maintain the
ongoing integrity of process equipment, training for process maintenance
activities to assure that the employee can perform the job tasks in a safe manner
and inspections shall be performed on process equipment. Inspection and testing
must be done as per set procedure and in consistence applicable manufacture
recommendation and good engineering practices. All inspection and test shall be
well documented. </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">All the equipment deficiencies that are outside acceptable
limits shall be corrected in a safe timely manner. Ensure that all equipment is
fabricated as per the specification and installed properly in consistent with
design specifications and the manufacturer's instructions. Maintenance
materials, spare parts and equipment should be suitable for intended
application.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: rgb(217, 217, 217); border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: silver; font-size: 14pt;">Incident Learning and Response</span></b></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">10.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Incident
investigation</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">A workplace process incident
is an indication that prevention was ineffective and that prompt changes need
to be made, Therefore, every process incident and Near Miss must be recorded
and thoroughly investigated to prevent recurrence of the incident.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Investigation of
Incidents/Near-Miss Involving highly hazardous chemicals:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> Each incident shall be investigated which
resulted in or could reasonably have resulted in a catastrophic release of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly_hazardous_chemical" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">highlyhazardous chemical</a> in the workplace.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Initiation of
Investigation:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> An incident
investigation shall be initiated as promptly as possible, but not later than 48
hours following the incident.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Formation of Team:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">An incident investigation team must be established with at least one
person familiar with the process involved, including an employee hired if the
incident concerned the work of the contractor and others with the appropriate
knowledge and experience to thoroughly investigate and investigate the incident.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Content of Investigation
Report:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> A report shall be prepared
at the conclusion of the investigation which includes at a minimum date of
incident, the date on which the Investigation began, description of the incident,
the factors that contributed to the incident; and any recommendations tracking
from the investigation.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Recommendation racking
System:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> The employer shall
establish a system to promptly address and resolve the incident report findings
recommendations. Resolutions and corrective actions shall be documented.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Report Review:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">The report should be evaluated with all relevant personnel whose
functions are relevant to the conclusions of the incident, including employees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Retention of Reports:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> Incident investigation reports shall be retained
for five years.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">11.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Emergency
Planning and Response</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Most emergencies, such as major fires, explosions, toxic emissions, oil
spills, etc., can be controlled by carefully assessing possible planned events
and developing a plan to deal with such situations, organize exercises or
perform appropriate tests. carry out effective implementation at the time of
the emergency. An emergency action plan (ERP) for the entire facility must
comply with the provisions of <a href="https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.38" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">29 CFR 1910.38</a>. In addition, the ERP will include
procedures for dealing with small emissions.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Written and oral
Emergency Action Plans:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> An EAP
must be in written, kept in the workplace, and available to employees for
review. <span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">However, an employer
with a maximum of 10 employees can verbally communicate the plan to employees.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Minimum elements of an
Emergency Action Plan: </span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">An ERP
must include at least below;</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Procedures for registering a fire or other emergency:</span></div>
</li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Emergency evacuation procedures, including type of evacuation and
allocation of exit routes.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Procedures for Remaining Employees to Perform Critical Factory
Operations Before Evacuating</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Procedures for reporting to all employees after evacuation.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Procedures to be followed by employees performing rescue or medical
operations; and</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The name or position of each employee (whom employees can contact) who
needs more information about the plan or an justification of their duties under
the plan.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Employee Alarm System:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> Have and maintain an Employee Alarm System (EAS).
The EAS must use a distinctive signal for each purpose and comply with the
legal requirements.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Training:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> Designate and train employees to assist in a safe
and orderly evacuation of other employees.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Review of Emergency
Action Plan:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> Review the EAP with
each employee covered by the plan:</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><div class="MsoNormal" style="display: inline; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">At the point when the arrangement is created, or the worker is at first allotted
to a vocation.</span></div>
</li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">When the employee's obligations under the plan change.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">When the plan is modified.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<ul>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: rgb(217, 217, 217); border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; padding: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: silver; font-size: 14pt;">Participation and Management</span></b></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">12.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Employee participation</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">The purpose of employee participation
is to consult with employees, workers and their representatives on hazard
assessments </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif">posed
by those processes involving highly hazardous chemicals by sharing information
on process technology, process equipment <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">and development
of chemical accident prevention plans. It provides the access to these
documents and other records required under the standard.</span></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">13.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Compliance audit</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">The purpose of compliance audit is identification
of vulnerable areas and specific potential hazards i.e. one of the prime functions
of loss prevention in process industry. </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">Auditing is an important means for performing this function.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Standard Requirements:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Evaluation of Compliance:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">Top management must ensure that they have evaluated consistence with the
arrangements of the MSP something like at regular intervals to confirm that the
systems and practices created under the standard are proper and followed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Auditor:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> The compliance audit shall be conducted by at least one person
knowledgeable in the process.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Audit Report:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> A report of the findings of the audit shall be developed.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Response to the Audit Findings:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">Employers will immediately determine an appropriate response to each of
the compliance audit findings and document and document that the deficiencies
have been corrected.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Retention of Audit Report:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"> Employers must retain the two most recent
compliance audit reports.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Management review: </span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Management must demonstrate their commitment toward
effective implementation and monitoring of PSM programme.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Regular management review including action follow
up from previous reviews.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Review process safety leading and lagging
indicators</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Review PSM audit findings and action plan</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Review PSM elements gap analysis and action plan</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">14.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">Trade secretes</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">Ensure all relevant
information must be made available by employers to all those people who are
participated and consulted in development of emergency response plan in
consistence with hazard analysis. necessary information to all responsible
persons who must comply the process safety information, those responsible for
developing the operating procedures, performing incident investigations, and
compliance audits, without regard to the possible trade secret status of such
information. Nothing in PSM, however, prohibits the employer from requiring
those persons to enter into confidentiality agreements not to disclose the
information.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">Conclusion:</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><b><i>Process Safety management</i></b> is applicable in highly
hazardous industries which handle hazardous chemical at or above the specified
threshold quantity. Industries viz. Retail facilities, Oil or Gas well drilling
or servicing, normally unoccupied remote facilities are excluded from scope.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;">There are several <b><i>benefits of process safety
management </i></b>viz. ensures <b><i>safe workplace for workers, reduces Risk to nearby
community, reduces Risk to adverse environment impact, increases assets
reliability with reduced downtime &
losses, ensures high score in International Safety Rating System, provides
a powerful risk management tool, reduces Insurance premium, integrates with
existing Quality, Environment & Safety Management System, facilitates
structured approach towards business, management with better controls,</i></b> etc.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-78505373093422290672023-02-04T18:35:00.001+01:002023-02-04T18:35:39.041+01:00Safe Mechanical completion, Pre-commissioning, Commissioning and startup | Oil & Gas facility<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span><br />
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: #134f5c; font-size: 16pt;">Safe Mechanical completion, Pre-commissioning, Commissioning and startup | Oil & Gas facility</span></h2>
<div>
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">This article provides the systematic
approach for commissioning and startup of any new facility, mainly for
brownfield. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meaning of
commissioning:</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Commissioning is the phase in a
project when design process fluid or safe fluid is introduced to the systems and
sub-systems. In simple word, project construction work is over and special activities
started to validate that the equipment, machines, systems and subsystems, other
system components are installed, tested and operated in line with project requirement
or intent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For safe, swift and successful plant
commissioning, activities are divided into 12 key elements based on any project
philosophy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Review and updating of Project HSE
plan</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Review of project Risk register </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Planning of commissioning process</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mechanical completion</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Examination of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_instrumentation_diagram" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">P&ID</a></span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre-Commissioning of system, component
or equipment</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Commissioning</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre-Startup Safety Review (PSSR)</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Plant Startup</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Initial operation</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Performance test for validating plant
intend</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Post commissioning</span></li>
</ol>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Review and
updating of Project HSE plan</span></b></h3>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">HSE Plan provides a document to
cover the project <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Health</a>, <a href="https://safewolrd.blogspot.com/2019/12/what-types-safety-hazards.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Safety</a> & <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Environment</a> management system and contractor
must implement during the execution of the project as per agreed conditions. This
is dynamic document and must be reviewed at various phases of project right
from construction phase to commissioning, startup and operation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Review of
project Risk register <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Risk register provides the assurance
to project team that they have identified all the work-related hazards and risk
is managed at ALARP level. This document is continuously reviewed and revised
at each phase of project. Before planning the commissioning phase, Risk register
must be revised by identifying the new hazards, analyzing the existing controls
and assessing the risk. It also provides the information about any further
requirement of safe work practices and work procedures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Planning of
commissioning process<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Planning is the first element to
commission of any facility safely and in time. Here clear organizational chart with
roles and responsibilities of all members of commissioning team are framed out.
Decide all different types of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checklist" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">checklists</a> i.e. structure, piping, mechanical,
electrical, instrumentation, etc and develop operating manual. Other important
procedures are;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face="arial, sans-serif"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhewNCHRpiK8byk4BmVcmWNn7KvWX5ahMzAUrwoo79JTGd2zcSyM_Mj_JU5mjqOmZlKIgXwuQkWaqKm85z7xHuFUbOpxEq95-bJv0BYDU3U0rDZhnkkzEGwdpV8oa0bNLD8zI-3dFx7Ws/s1600/planning-of-commissioning-process.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Planning of commissioning process" border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="700" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhewNCHRpiK8byk4BmVcmWNn7KvWX5ahMzAUrwoo79JTGd2zcSyM_Mj_JU5mjqOmZlKIgXwuQkWaqKm85z7xHuFUbOpxEq95-bJv0BYDU3U0rDZhnkkzEGwdpV8oa0bNLD8zI-3dFx7Ws/s640/planning-of-commissioning-process.jpg" title="Safe Mechanical completion, Pre-commissioning, commissioning, startup" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Planning of commissioning process</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</span><ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre-commissioning procedures viz.
air blowing, water flushing, steam blowing, </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Commissioning procedures for the
systems and units.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety procedures</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Quality control procedures</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Security procedures</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emergency management plan and Response
procedures </span></li>
</ul>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Other than above procedures,
Commissioning status progress reports need to be developed to measure
commissioning progress. Test records need to be maintained to keep track of all
pre commissioning and commissioning activities. Develop a punch list format
with a construction department together. Planning of manpower requirement
including the pre-commissioning team, the commissioning team, the operating
team and the maintenance team. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Planning must be done along with client
so that their team should join the commissioning activities on site (Involvement
of client engineers/ operators is very important as this is the best opportunity
to trained them.). Other agencies may be involved as contractors’ vendors and
process engineers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ensure advance planning of material
requirement. Material like blinds, split pieces, hoses, steam blowing equipment,
tool box/ kit, etc my requires during pre-commissioning and commissioning
activities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Mechanical
completion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mechanical completion means
construction completion and here mainly the construction team is involved but
some time commissioning team may be involved for better understanding. In Mechanical
completion phase all machines, all equipment and site construction are inspected
and tested to validate that the installation is in line with approved drawings,
specifications and ready for pre-commissioning or commissioning in safe manner.
It also confirms the compliance of project requirement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">As in project, different disciplines
are working and therefore mechanical completion may be separated by different disciplines
viz. Mechanical, Piping, Electrical, Instrumentation, Automation, Structural
integrity, etc.</span></div>
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</div>
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuTCIO_gqbEdJL5iAHY1BA_SiU3PrxWPS3od-lAq3-Q8j05JWT4mVk0QucUF8rYDE3qV1E2bFcGTPX_-f5jXfjEgdQjwiYfSbwAGdB0edBKqsAScoybgnDDurFpEzbtQnRYHejBmQOUig/s1600/mechanical-completion.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Mechanical Completion" border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="700" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuTCIO_gqbEdJL5iAHY1BA_SiU3PrxWPS3od-lAq3-Q8j05JWT4mVk0QucUF8rYDE3qV1E2bFcGTPX_-f5jXfjEgdQjwiYfSbwAGdB0edBKqsAScoybgnDDurFpEzbtQnRYHejBmQOUig/s640/mechanical-completion.jpg" title="Safe Mechanical completion, Pre-commissioning, Commissioning and startup | Oil & Gas facility" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mechanical Completion</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mechanical Discipline:</span></u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Validation
for completion and correction of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nameplate, display details at tanks,
vessels, rotating equipment and other machines.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Internal inspection of tanks and
vessels</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hydro-static tests of vessels and
tanks</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimension control </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bolt tension</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Preservation</span></li>
</ul>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vendor representative must be on
site for complicated machines viz. compressors, blowers, pumps.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Piping Discipline: </span></u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Validation
for completion and correction of<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">NDT</a></span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipe supports</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Confirm that damages during flushing,
cleaning and pressure testing are rectified</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Blowing/ flushing finished</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chemical cleaning & drying</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Preservation</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reinstatement</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bolt tension</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Insulation on piping except on
flanges and flow coding.</span></li>
</ul>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Electrical Discipline</span></u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: Validation
for completion and correction of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Electrical panels installation</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cable trays and its supports</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cabling in tray and cable dressing</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bend radius of the cables</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Connection/ Termination</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Grounding</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.quora.com/What-does-Megger-testing-mean" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Megger testing</a></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Instrumentation Discipline</span></u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: Validation for completion and correction of<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Instrument panel installation</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cable trays and its supports</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cabling in tray and cable dressing</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bend radius of the cables</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Connection/ Termination</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Grounding</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Instruments</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MOVs</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">loop checks</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tightness test & flushing of
tubing</span></li>
</ul>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Automation Discipline: </span></u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Validation for completion and correction of<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DCS console and its user-friendly
installation</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Central process unit</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cabling & tagging</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Termination</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Grounding</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Loop checking </span></li>
</ul>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Structural Discipline</span></u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:
Inspection of all supporting structures for<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dimensions</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Integrity</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bolt tension</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Examination
of P&IDs<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Commissioning engineers are
examining the P&ID to validate the system for engineering and construction
error after handing over of system or system from construction to commissioning
team, here punch points are submitted for rectification.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">To perform this stage, ensure latest
revision of P&IDs marked with system boundaries, equipment drawings/
datasheet, different type of checklists, national and international standards, hookup
drawings and vendor documents for complicated equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Below items should be checked during
<b>P&ID examination</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">All piping, fittings and valves</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">All equipment and machines ie. Motors,
pumps, vessels, exchanges, heaters, turbines, compressor, etc along with
vendor representative. </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">All instrumentation including nameplate,
flow direction, mounting position, temperature range, pressure range, flow and other
measurement range. </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety consideration i.e. Whether it
is safe installation and Support safe operation too.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Operational convenience i.e.
Requirement of platform or other safe approach.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maintenance convenience i.e. requirement
of monorail/ hoist over motors and pumps.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">During P&IDs examination, some additional
activities may be carried out like provision of temporary identification tags
& signs for piping, valves, machines and equipment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Any deviations in this process must
be marked in punch point list, signed it and submit to construction team and QA/QC
engineers. After correction of punch items and confirmation from construction
and QA/QC department, joint visit should be done to validate the compliances
and closed immediately by signing off. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Pre-Commissioning
of system, component or equipment<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">After finished of mechanical
completion i.e. construction completion, Pre-commissioning activities starts to
validate the equipment or component is fabricated, installed, cleaned and
tested in accordance with a design intend and ready for commissioning. Pre-commissioning
activities includes energizing of equipment/ machines, flushing and cleaning,
drying, leak testing, running of equipment, running of electrical motors, loading
of catalyst in reactor, loading of catalyst in columns, dry run, etc. sometimes
pre-commissioning activities are included into mechanical completion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">It also ensures the closing of columns,
vessels, drums, tanks, final restoration of systems or subsystems after cleaning,
air tightness or leak testing of systems, lubricants application, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sometimes pre-commissioning includes
installation of filters, packing of distillation columns, molecular sieve beds,
refractory dry out, instrument/ electrical and motor loop testing etc. All the
findings/deviations must be noted in punch list.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik4YhDAm5DEHG7QHKrJ78UKrkzucO5GLdpUcbsc96pxZElHTW1CdvvkwqpOvd656M7Xm2Vbz_kkxCtkTPPlcTtsk3N0vdO5XiFT_YpkFHlcd5rn6nUXUyOtsCGT0k9je-3-nFuGUi1CsI/s1600/Pre-Commissioning.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Pre-commissioning" border="0" data-original-height="497" data-original-width="699" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik4YhDAm5DEHG7QHKrJ78UKrkzucO5GLdpUcbsc96pxZElHTW1CdvvkwqpOvd656M7Xm2Vbz_kkxCtkTPPlcTtsk3N0vdO5XiFT_YpkFHlcd5rn6nUXUyOtsCGT0k9je-3-nFuGUi1CsI/s640/Pre-Commissioning.jpg" title="Safe Mechanical completion, Commissioning and startup | Oil & Gas facility" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pre-commissioning</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre-commissioning activities should
be <b>prioritized</b> & as per approved pre-commissioning procedures viz. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for necessary spectacular
blind installation</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for field non-return valve
internal installation</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for checking refractory
lining installation and checking of mechanical interlock.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for checking of
distillation or scrubbing columns packing.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for catalyst loading in reactor
with installation of filter</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Procedure for air blowing, steam blowing, etc.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for water flushing </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for chemical cleaning</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for tightness test</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for cooling water</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for mechanical test run of
pumps, etc</span></li>
</ul>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Below <b>sequence</b> is recommended
for pre-commissioning activities based on its priorities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Power and control system i.e. electrical
substations, Building power, etc</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DCS and PLC systems and
instrumentation</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Row water and firefighting systems</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wastewater treatment systems</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oil, cleaning & chemical sewer
systems and neutralization pits</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Service water, potable water and
cooling water systems</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Instrument air, plant air and air regeneration
systems</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Water treatment systems.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">De-mineralisation plant</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Boiler water system</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The nitrogen system</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Flare system</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Plant safety equipment and fire and
gas detection</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fuel gas and fuel oil system</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Slop systems</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Flushing oil system </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Boiler systems with steam and
condensate networks</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aromatics and caustic drain systems</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Feed and product storage systems</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Product and feed systems</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amine treatment section</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">All the process systems, etc</span></li>
</ul>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre-commissioning checklists must be
developed for different types of machines, equipment and systems to record the result
of inspection and to confirm readiness for commissioning. All these checklists
should be witnessed by the client, Project Management Control (PMC) , the licencor,
etc. Test records must be maintained for
all system checking, preparation activities and other number of tasks like chemical
cleaning, drying, air tightness test, loading of catalyst, blind list status
and the performance indicators. Similarly, records for QA/QC documentation, system
punch list associated with various pre-commissioning activities viz piping, stationary
equipment, rotating equipment, instrumentation pre-commissioning activities and
tightness tests should be maintained. This will help to track the planned vs completion
and the remaining tasks which must be done. Status of the punch list report for
outstanding punch points must be monitored. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Vendor specialists should be on site
for major items of rotating machinery, major utility systems, special
electrical & instrument control equipment, package units which have been
assembled by someone at site shipped by a vendor, the licensor do the final
inspection of critical equipment installation as well as the supervision of catalyst and chemical loading.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">After completing the Pre-commissioning
check with validating all punch points, facility will be ready for
commissioning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">7. Commissioning</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In a project, after
pre-commissioning, next phase is commissioning where design process fluids or
safe fluid are introduced to the systems and subsystems. Commissioning is the stage where project finished
its construction phase and planned to entire in commercial operation stage. In
this stage, it is validated that each system or subsystem is fabricated,
installed, cleaned and tested as per design intend and the systems are ready for
startup. Some time it is called as cold and hot commissioning. <b>Cold commissioning</b> is of two type i.e. dry
commissioning and wet commissioning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
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</div>
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</span></div>
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</div>
<span face="arial, sans-serif"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgldI7sB1a6x0ML6rEHOgP5wgJxWbGKCwjEolESUAaosX3DfFUo16gmaMawkYkQbAFoy1sz0aU8ciyN4Jc5yWcXI0K-LXGkYZ1sFzcI6V0dIK3B55pfuiVjgCGVBNzsKNay6y9aqYSmCSc/s1600/Commissioning.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Dry commissioning, Wet Commissioning, Hot Commissioning, Cold Commissioning" border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="700" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgldI7sB1a6x0ML6rEHOgP5wgJxWbGKCwjEolESUAaosX3DfFUo16gmaMawkYkQbAFoy1sz0aU8ciyN4Jc5yWcXI0K-LXGkYZ1sFzcI6V0dIK3B55pfuiVjgCGVBNzsKNay6y9aqYSmCSc/s640/Commissioning.jpg" title="Commissioning" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Types of Commissioning</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</span><ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Dry commissioning: </b> means tests and procedures that are conducted
without solvents or process fluids. Eg. interlock and emergency shutdown tests
or control system sequence checks, etc</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Wet commissioning:</b> means water/ safe
fluid or a solvent has been introduced into the systems or subsystems for
testing purpose to simulate the operating scenarios to understand the system's behavior.
Eg. running of pumps in closed loops or interlock and emergency shutdown tests.
</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Hot commissioning: </b>means design
process fluids are introduced to the systems and subsystems and the activity is
similar to wet commissioning activities like running pumps with a closed loop.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For safe commissioning of facility,
ensure safety measures like <b><a href="https://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/techmeaspermit.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">permit to work system</a>. </b> If the new facility is adjacent to existing
one and employees/ operators would be same, then existing PTW should be used
otherwise it should be modified adequately. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Construction area might be fenced to
separate it from existing operational facility then security and access control
must be ensured. <b>Emergency response procedures</b> must be made aware to all
commissioning team and other related workforce. Final leak testing, final drying,
final purging and energizing must be completed in safe manner. For initiating
systems and subsystems filling with process media, operation of systems and
subsystems, completion of system, etc lot of documentation is required in commissioning
phase. Therefore, commissioning <b>sequence must be followed for commissioning
of </b>the facilities <b>system by system and unit-by-unit basis</b> and it
should be backwards approach. Below
backward sequence is suggested;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Control systems DCS /PLC</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Utilities i.e. air, nitrogen, water,
steam etc.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Product storage tank systems</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Loading systems</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Process units ie. reactor, furnace,
exchangers, vessels, columns, etc</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Raw material feeds</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Raw materials storage, etc </span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For safe commissioning, whatever <b>commissioning
procedures</b> finalized in planning stage, these all procedures must be
followed. Eg. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Commissioning procedures for
utilities and services</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Commissioning procedure for uses of water
or a solvent in each system</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Commissioning procedure for
introducing process fluid in each system</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for Interfacing (operation
and maintenance work with commissioning work)</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Product quality control procedure </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for laboratory analyzes
for the new facilities</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for production planning. </span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">on operation of the new facilities
must be integrated during the commissioning startup and initial operation phase
this commences with first requirements for fuel gas and other things from the
existing plant for boilers startup and dry out through initial feed stock
transfer and final product storage blending and shipping. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">maintenance support must be ensured
by company to monitor pump temperature and vibration during commissioning. All
commissioning activities by contractors, vendor specialists, etc must be carried
out under the supervision of commissioning team and the licensor. Process
licensor may supervise the commissioning activities for important and critical systems
and must provide technical assistance during all stages of commissioning. Process
operating parameters and conditions will be advised by process licenses,
process engineers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">8. Pre-Startup
Safety Review (PSSR)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The purpose
of Pre-Startup Safety Review (PSSR) is to ensure that new/modified facility is
ready for safe and continuous operation. The PSSR must confirm the following,
prior to the introduction of process fluids to a process/systems/subsystem.</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Construction and equipment meet
design specifications.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety, operation, maintenance and
emergency procedures are present and adequate.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">For new/modified
facilities, a MOC procedure had been followed, and all HAZOP recommendations
have been implemented before startup.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Training of each employees involved in operating a process
has been completed.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PSSR is the last step in commissioning
process and managed by commissioning manager and the client commissioning team
jointly. Vendors and licensor may join
PSSR. Completion of PSSR and compliance of all its punch points will validate
the facility/system for its readiness and to commence safe startup. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">9. Plant
Startup<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Plant startup is the phase where the
entire plant, all systems and subsystems are taken into operation, process
fluids are introduced, and process conditions are established with intent of
making products. For continuous startup
activities, employees must be assigned in work shift duties so that client, the
contractor and some vendors and licensor should be available 24x7. Shift
logbook with clear instructions for its filling should be specified before starting
the plant. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Once again assure the compliance of
punch points of PSSR and ensure the pre-startup checklist by tick mark on it
step by step. Checks are;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Whether all utilities available for
safe startup</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Whether feed is available</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Whether enough product storage
available</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Whether all involved startup team
members are well aware about different <b>startup procedures<o:p></o:p></b></span></li>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipe and equipment purging procedure</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipe and equipment evacuation
procedure</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for Initial introduction
of feed and chemicals</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for initial heating or cooling</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for loading <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">catalyst</a> or
other media into initial conditions</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Startup sequence with normal
operating data</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for plant operating under
normal conditions</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedures for shutdown</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedures for emergency shutdown</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedure for simultaneous operation</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ensure implementation of proper interfaces,
i.e. operations and maintenance, product quality control by company with
quality control laboratory analyzes, production planning by company and emergency
response for contractors, security and safety together by company and
contractor. Similarly, maintenance support by the company and on duty technical
support managed by the contractor and the licensure. Where required, the
process licensor supervise the start-up of relevant systems and provide technical
assistance. Process operating parameters and conditions will be advised by
process licensor and process engineers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">All process parameters and data must
be maintained which would be most useful for next phase i.e initial operation
phase. After finished of successful
startup, plant is ready for initial operation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">10. Initial
operation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Initial operation means the entire
plant is running in continuous operation, fine-tuned and prepared for the
performance test. Most important things are
fine tuning of control loops, complete process and testing of operational
limits. Check the limit that the emergency shutdown starts and observe that
emergency shutdown is working well. Maintain all important data related to equipment,
relevant processed data and as well performance data. This will help for next
stage i.e. performance tests. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Still successful completion of
initial operation stage, licensor involvement may be there as per requirement for
relevant systems to provide technical assistance and may advise for process
operating parameters and conditions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">11. Performance
test for validating plant intend<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Performance testing validates the
plant that it is operating according to design intend. Performance testing includes
facility operation and performing numbers of specified activities,
demonstrations and tests to measure the new plant and equipment against the approved
project design and specified parameters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Time duration for performance test
is varies from plant to plant and as well type of industry to industry. A simple water treatment plant may finish a
performance test within a 24 hours’ time period or 48 or 72 hours but other
large plants or complicated plants like oil refining units with numbers of trains
may takes a month or several months because each trains will be run step by
step then all trains should be run simultaneously/ together. Shift duties must
be assured for continuous monitoring and observing the performance trend. If at
certain period, performance test gets fail, then licenser intervention is
required. It is good practice to have/
maintain separate logbook by the client and the contractor and to tally with
each other to detect any error. Performance tests procedures must be ensured by
both the party and follow the same agreed sequence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">During
performance test</span></b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> below activity should be ensured by
both client and contractor;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Quality control </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Production planning</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emergency response</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Security and safety together</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maintenance and technical support </span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Supervision and monitoring of
process parameter.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Recording of all readings</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Install an additional measurement
device if existing is not adequate.</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Comparison of process data with
specifications</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maintain shift book</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Monitor the DCS system</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sampling of products and lab
analysis</span></li>
<li><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Analysis and assessment of performance
test parameters</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">If all performance parameters are
matching with project intended parameters, then we will have a final acceptance.
Generally, performance test data requires about two to three weeks for evaluation
by the client contractors and the licenser. If it is satisfactory then final acceptance i.e.
cares, and custody is transferred from contractor to the client and this is
called as project plant hand over. Satisfactory result of performance test may result
to official handover of the plant and proves that commissioning team has
fulfilled the obligations. But there may be minor punch list which is to be
attached with final acceptance certificate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">12. Post
commissioning<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Post commissioning is the phase
after handing over of plant to the client. Handing over to client means final
acceptance certificate is now signed by client and operations assistance is not
needed anymore. Outstanding punch points are solved, and some adjustments,
modifications and fault corrections being completed. Also, some routine
maintenance checks and performance findings being evaluated and monitored for process
equipment and items covered under warranty. Problems and operating data is being
collected and evaluated to ensure consistent plant operations. Here contractor
commissioning team who was involved in commissioning process will stay and responsible
for solving the outstanding punch points and solving any troubleshooting. As
this commissioning peoples are having experience of this particular plant, they
know everything, where to go for which particular problem, what will be
solution for particular deviations, etc. After few weeks or months as per
project agreement, one or two persons may stay along with client and they will
be responsible and coordinate for production planning, operations, maintenance,
product quality control, emergency response, etc. Licensor may also stay there
as per project agreement for technical guidance on process parameters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Conclusion: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Safe commissioning of any new
facility or modified facility can be achieved successfully by proper commissioning
planning, well organized team framework, proper coordination between client,
contractor, vendors and licensor, ensuring availability of Manual and procedures,
security and safety system, well developed data entry formats and checklists,
logbook and other records, etc. Compliance of Safety management system and proper
coordination between different disciplines are the key areas for safe and successful
commissioning of project, where operational facility is adjacent to new project.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-72281887578581454692023-02-04T18:35:00.000+01:002023-02-04T18:35:14.599+01:00Layer of protection Analysis - LOPA - HSE guide<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 26pt; line-height: 150%;">Layer of
protection Analysis - LOPA</span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">There
are seven <b><i>layers of protection</i></b> for accident prevention and
mitigation. Each layer is important as some are for prevention and other are
for protections. Staying within inner most <b><i>layer of protection</i></b> is
the key for higher plant availability and safe operation. Maintaining other
layers of protection intact, ensure prevention and mitigation of accidents.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In
this article we will discuss what <b>LOPA</b> is and how it is carried out step
by step.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The
<b><i>Layer of protection analysis (LOPA)</i></b> is a <a href="https://www.hse.gov.uk/risk/controlling-risks.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">risk assessment</a> tool
developed within the framework of an international standard to quantify risks
in order to reach a specific probability objective. It is a systematic
decision-making process and one of the methods for determining the risk
associated with various hazardous process events using their severity and the
probability of the events occurring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfe68-kobY95IWIR1Hat40SpQXoigbn4o_lIVl_PqGFBH1ouxGlSPjYNMRHJoPziAev0qjXJM9FW3P0sKAOiup0_ILO1GUmXvhO0Bk-6TKveD5UxDcFOFz9XAVXsgCW42WdrIP_veg228/s1600/Layer-of-protection-preventio-mitigation-concept.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Applicability of LOPA" border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfe68-kobY95IWIR1Hat40SpQXoigbn4o_lIVl_PqGFBH1ouxGlSPjYNMRHJoPziAev0qjXJM9FW3P0sKAOiup0_ILO1GUmXvhO0Bk-6TKveD5UxDcFOFz9XAVXsgCW42WdrIP_veg228/s16000/Layer-of-protection-preventio-mitigation-concept.jpg" title="Layer of protection Analysis - LOPA" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Applicability
of LOPA</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">LOPA</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> is
generally used for high-risk scenarios where the quality of the decision must
be higher and allows a multidisciplinary team to assess the risk with greater
clarity and more explicit decision criteria. It is used to ensure that a design
is not under-designed, that the design is not over-designed, that people are
not exposed to excessive risk, to verify that operating resources are adequate,
don't waste money, etc. Thus, <b><i>LOPA</i></b> is concerns about allocating
appropriate resources proportional to the risk. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Concept
of risk acceptance / tolerance in the LOPA</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Before
starting the <b><i>layer of protection analysis (LOPA</i></b>), the company
must define the tolerable frequencies for events with high consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The
LOPA is used to assess a specific scenario to determine whether it is
acceptable, depending on the consequence, risk tolerance may differ from one
person to another. Therefore, when analyzing the layer of protection, the
challenge is to have a team of experienced people with diverse backgrounds and
objectives to make rational business decisions (a rational business decision is
a decision that makes sense for long-term business).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Sometimes
a decision may make sense for the life of the project but will expose an
installation to undue risk or it is on the way. The level of risk acceptance is
expressed in terms of tolerable frequency which is the maximum number of events
expected per year, which is considered practicable, achievable, sometimes this
can be expressed in terms of probability. The tolerable frequency is the
decision criterion for design and operational changes. It is a risk tolerance
objective set by a company and often aligned with society's expectations to
make consistent decisions. The justification is simple, the more the
consequence decreases the tolerable frequency. As a general rule, the industry
accepts a 0.01% chance of a single death in a given year, i.e. the risk of
death is 1 in 10,000 for an individual per year. It would expect several deaths/
multiple fatality to be less tolerated with a tolerable frequency of 0.001%
chance per year. More serious is the consequence of lowering the tolerable
frequency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Decide
on the level of risk tolerance in the business to set the business goals. The
operator can set the target by focusing on quarterly production targets, the
project manager focuses on lead times and the tolerable frequency should be set
at the company level while the risk is perceived at the portfolio level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Concept
of conducting a layer of protection analysis</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The
LOPA begins by focusing on a single consequence and applies to the higher
severity scenarios identified in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_and_operability_study" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">HAZOP</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">We
will take the help of the schematic diagram below to understand the concept
layer of protective;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiGg9BbMWbYZyp0hU9piIBduzvYurVlIV0Xv1Rx8Y-CeO952TnjzV6rRzPpCU9fcZLe_lzXilbIuGmYWu-pvwvoUiHwT7wPYdKwkGv4wveF_TinLK3cfg8d9pXE_p9er4FAQ0o58MOEuQ/s1600/Concept-conducting-layer-of-protection-analysis-01.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="LOPA begins by focusing on a single consequence" border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="601" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiGg9BbMWbYZyp0hU9piIBduzvYurVlIV0Xv1Rx8Y-CeO952TnjzV6rRzPpCU9fcZLe_lzXilbIuGmYWu-pvwvoUiHwT7wPYdKwkGv4wveF_TinLK3cfg8d9pXE_p9er4FAQ0o58MOEuQ/s16000/Concept-conducting-layer-of-protection-analysis-01.jpg" title="Concept of conducting a layer of protection analysis" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig-1 - Schematic diagram of separator vessel with pressure valve at gas outlet</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Suppose,
in an example above, consider a separator vessel over pressurizing, the worst
credible case of a vessel rupture results in the death of a single worker
nearby. Now, we must apply the tolerable frequency of the over pressure of the
separator vessel which can cause death according to the standards defined by
the company. Then think about, how can a company reasonably tolerate it, how
can an engineer demonstrate that the design is as low as reasonably practicable
(ALRAP). From now on, designing this process according to the consequence of
the death of a single worker can occur at most at 0.01% per year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">At
this point, we now need to determine what triggered the consequence and the
likelihood of it happening. We must send back the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_and_operability_study" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">HAZOP</a>, the cause of a
deviation in an HAZOP is the initiating event in the protective layer. If we
see in our study example, the triggering event is the faulty pressure control
valve in the closed position. There is a blocked flow from the gas line
produced when the PV-50 is closed, causing the vessel to over pressure. let's
say that the pressure control valve has a probability of 0.1 of failing to close
in a year or in other words, the expected inadvertent closure is once every ten
years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Now
the next step is to identify the independent protective layers in the system,
these are mechanisms that prevent the consequences from occurring. These
independent <i><b>layers of protection</b></i> are the safeguards identified during a HAZOP
to assign a backup. As an independent protective layer, it must meet specific
requirements defined by international and regional standards. It is important
to remember that the protective layer must be independent of the triggering
event and of the other safeguards applied to this scenario. Here, the team of
experts must decide which independent protective layers can be used. We can
therefore consider here that the Pressure Safety Valve (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">PSV</a>) on the separator
vessel can be provided,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaO7wPcfSt7uqGFi_Cattx8803dVSt4ZK-nG8HvbI__iWa_6MXwN6uxpT_0lIqvgxwIOMYuA4J1raD0WpMWfgT7QmO6NhREyvRXCPYTwfHRR0vo2dDhMqhIIyY8qEe07Vkh0S9dM7sA2M/s1600/Concept-conducting-layer-of-protection-analysis-02.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Concept of conducting a layer of protection analysis" border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="601" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaO7wPcfSt7uqGFi_Cattx8803dVSt4ZK-nG8HvbI__iWa_6MXwN6uxpT_0lIqvgxwIOMYuA4J1raD0WpMWfgT7QmO6NhREyvRXCPYTwfHRR0vo2dDhMqhIIyY8qEe07Vkh0S9dM7sA2M/s16000/Concept-conducting-layer-of-protection-analysis-02.jpg" title="Concept of conducting a layer of protection analysis" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig-2 - Pressure safety valve</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Let’s
take the PSV-50 which will protect the separator vessel from excessive
pressure. In addition, it is clearly independent and there would be no impact
from the PV failure. This can certainly reduce the probability of a vessel
rupture by a factor of 10, it can also be expressed as a risk reduction factor
of 10 or a probability of failure on demand of 0.1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Now
is the time to calculate the expected frequency of the consequence. Here we
need to determine the probability of the triggering event, i.e. the pressure
control valve inadvertently closes and the probability of PSV-51 failure and
the probability of the vessel rupture. The expected frequency can be calculated
taking into account the fact that the vessel is in an area with heavy traffic
and that a person is present when a vessel rupture. Consider 1% chance of death
per year, or 1 in 100 chance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Now
decide whether the risk is tolerable or not. If the risk is acceptable based on
the tolerable frequency, make a risk-based decision, is this process as safe as
we want it to compare what we calculated and the tolerable frequency this
scenario is 100 times more likely to happen than is acceptable. Since we cannot
accept this risk, we must find a way to further reduce the risk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Here
we must determine the additional safeguard to reduce the risk of respecting the
tolerable frequency. We can add an independent high-pressure shutdown on the vessel
blanket gas as collateral to eliminate the high pressure source.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRhzIIShYpjaoOUwRwEqzdsMHkLIRwmSmCnVOwyZSrqzZBy6ZyhbCatymUbOzz52fEqYlmGj3xl9j_DO4VVrJ0pI3LRtoY1u3DHg_SkrAaeMar9EUMnoXpiowrQOogomZntbgKc3Yzq6s/s1600/Concept-conducting-layer-of-protection-analysis-03.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Concept of conducting a layer of protection analysis" border="0" data-original-height="467" data-original-width="700" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRhzIIShYpjaoOUwRwEqzdsMHkLIRwmSmCnVOwyZSrqzZBy6ZyhbCatymUbOzz52fEqYlmGj3xl9j_DO4VVrJ0pI3LRtoY1u3DHg_SkrAaeMar9EUMnoXpiowrQOogomZntbgKc3Yzq6s/s16000/Concept-conducting-layer-of-protection-analysis-03.jpg" title="Concept of conducting a layer of protection analysis" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig-3- Provision of SIF</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">We
can add a backup safeguard that consists of a sensor, logic solver and a valve
called as Safety Instrumented Function (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_instrumented_system" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">SIF</a>). It is an automated safety action
to bring the process to a safe state. The current system is 100 times more
likely than acceptable. The Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) must reduce the
probability by a factor of 100. The reliability target of this function must
have a probability of failure on demand (PFD) of less than 1%. As this safety
function must reduce the consequence, probably by 100 times, it must meet the
requirements of safety integrity level 2 (SIL-2).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRm60jDo2oYeCC_MgVN8-PKjNW3tJLbDyyUAFG-gAwrBS__TbifYGZ7dCuZzJSs8WqtWq6nIfb_6XKKH3YAb14qcjjmQVSN1_LFfCe0hw2ustMH4rf54YbOVO9PV_2XTE3hul-wrefC4k/s1600/Concept-conducting-layer-of-protection-analysis-04.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Concept of conducting a layer of protection analysis" border="0" data-original-height="462" data-original-width="650" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRm60jDo2oYeCC_MgVN8-PKjNW3tJLbDyyUAFG-gAwrBS__TbifYGZ7dCuZzJSs8WqtWq6nIfb_6XKKH3YAb14qcjjmQVSN1_LFfCe0hw2ustMH4rf54YbOVO9PV_2XTE3hul-wrefC4k/s16000/Concept-conducting-layer-of-protection-analysis-04.jpg" title="Concept of conducting a layer of protection analysis" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fig-4-Provision of safety instrument system with SIL level calculation</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Here, the
combination of the sensor, logic solver and the final element meets the
requirements of safety integrity level 2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now we can calculate the new expected
frequency of the system, as below;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">With
safeguard, expected frequency = 0.1 (PFD of Valve) x 0.1 (PFD of safety valve)
x 0.01 (PFD of SIF)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">=
0.0001/year<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">= 0.01 %
per year<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Here, the
final result is 0.01% chance per year. So finally, we can conclude that the
likelihood of the vessel over pressurization is within tolerable frequency and
risk is acceptable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The
<b><i>layer of protection analysis (LOPA)</i></b> is a risk assessment tool which
is used for a systematic decision-making process and one of the methods for
determining the risk associated with various hazardous process events using
their severity and the probability of the events occurring. By evaluating the process
failure causes in reference to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_and_operability_study" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">HAZOP</a>, a team of expert deciding the best
control to minimize the risk at tolerable level. It is step by step process
where independent safeguard are identified and risk level is compared with
company set target for tolerable of risk. Provision of Safety instrument
system with safety instrumented level may reduce the risk at tolerable level.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-56616708873536034872023-02-04T18:34:00.002+01:002023-02-04T18:34:50.325+01:00Process Hazard Analysis | PHA concept, methodology, assessment and decision making<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWQ76CPsLgD0r_3yaNR8mETZm9fKVEpzEiv6pqee667HcUO0zLllGpqImRQRsBNF3-JSmkRcL3eLOO4f_jajBIqKv-kxLIcjWRADCH1WbSFNzPoiXEvsqPQ69RUQOWm7ZJa6OU-ly-STk/s1600/Process-hazard-analysis-PHA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Process Hazard Analysis | PHA concept, methodology, assessment and decision making" border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="580" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWQ76CPsLgD0r_3yaNR8mETZm9fKVEpzEiv6pqee667HcUO0zLllGpqImRQRsBNF3-JSmkRcL3eLOO4f_jajBIqKv-kxLIcjWRADCH1WbSFNzPoiXEvsqPQ69RUQOWm7ZJa6OU-ly-STk/s16000/Process-hazard-analysis-PHA.jpg" title="Process Hazard Analysis | PHA concept, methodology, assessment and decision making" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Process Hazard Analysis - PHA</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Process
Hazard Analysis | PHA concept, methodology, assessment and decision making</span></b></h2>
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> is a systematic approach to identify, evaluate,
and control the hazards of processes involving highly hazardous chemicals. The
primary objective of <b><i>PHA</i></b> is to minimize the probability of
occurrence and consequences of the release of hazardous substances by
identifying, evaluating, and controlling the events that could lead to the
release.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
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<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PHA
Concept</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">It provides data to help you make decisions
to improve safety and reduce the effects of unwanted or unplanned release of
hazardous substances. Therefore, <b><i>PHA</i></b> begins with the simple
question "Is the risk acceptable?"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PHA</span></i></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> must be performed by a highly knowledgeable, trained, experienced and
competent team of experts, including process engineers; otherwise, at the end
of the day, there would be no output commitments to actions and people will
think this was a waste of time. If team members are not confident due to lack
of knowledge and experience, the result of a <b><i>PHA</i></b> will be useless
and can be very bad.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">When no one confident the design, the
process, the techniques, etc., people cannot apply the correct decision tools
to carry out an effective <b><i>PHA</i></b>. Most organizations understand the
severity of the consequences of accidents and of course it is more costly,
therefore accidents are an unnecessary cost of business. It is very important
to understand the correct cause of accidents in order to decide on the
appropriate controls and to take effective measures and other relevant
corrective actions to avoid losses or their recurrences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The <b><i>PHA</i></b> is basically a
consequence and a loss causation model that helps companies to decide adequate
and effective controls on the identified risk. You must understand the exact
objective of any loss control program; you must not over-protect the facility
through a large amount of investment where the asset stops operating, but also
not insufficiently protect the facility; otherwise it will not help minimize
the risk to an acceptable level and installation will remains with excessive
exposure to risk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) Principles</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">A <b><i>Process Hazard Analysis</i></b> is a
systematic, comprehensive review of a process to identify hazards, analyse the
significance of hazards, assess the adequacy of safeguards, and mitigate them
when warranted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">A <b><i>PHA</i></b> is not a method of
reviewing the quality or operation of the design, this step should be carried
out before your <b><i>PHA </i></b>meeting so that everyone has already accepted
the functionality of the design.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">These are the building blocks of </span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/01/process-safety-management.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Process Safety Management (PSM)</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> for
emergency shutdown, safety and alarm systems, </span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/02/process-safety-control-safety-integrity-level.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">process controls</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">, and logic and procedures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">History says that most </span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/01/reporting-of-process-safety-incident.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">process accidents</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> occurred due to equipment
failure or breakdown, improper operating procedures, unforeseen operating
conditions, and failure of hazard controls. Some events propagate accidents in
catastrophic situations such as design errors, incorrect situation, diagnosis
of operation or maintenance errors, alarm failures, shutdown system failures,
sources of ignition, management system failures, and site-specific conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">We can design engineering systems that can
mitigate accidents such as alarm, safety shutdown systems, control system,
response operator, response relief valves / liner systems, secondary
containment, emergency response contingency planning with emergency drills,
fire protection systems and site-specific conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">When to perform PHA</span></b></h3>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">1. A new plant or project<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2. For changes to an existing process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">3. At existing facilities every five years to
assess process risks and changes in facility operations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">A proper <b><i>PHA</i></b> assessment will
collectively focus design and safety, operational teams to review risks,
incorporate input and perspectives, and develop stronger safeguards and
procedures to prevent accidents. Most of the time organizations prefer
techniques like </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=What-if_analysis&redirect=no" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">What if</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> or </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_and_operability_study" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PHA
Methodologies</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">For a successful <b><i>Process Hazard
Analysis</i></b>, the most important thing is that people must have a common
understanding of risk acceptance, otherwise this creates endless discussions
that do not result in clear action. There are numerous methodologies, but
generally the <b><i>PHA</i></b> uses one or more appropriate to the complexity
of the process based on the PSM rule, </span><a href="https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.119" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">29 CFR 1910.119</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">1. What-If<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2. Checklist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">3. Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">4. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FEMA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">5. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">There are also other techniques, and some are
also combined.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Common
elements in PHA techniques</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Whatever the methodology or techniques of <b><i>Process
Hazard Analysis</i></b>, there are certain common elements that help to make an
effective and appropriate decision to minimize the process risk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Process hazard Identification:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> In any <b><i>PHA</i></b> technique, the
first stage is to identify the inherent chemical or physical characteristics of
hazardous substances and processes that have potential harm to people or damage
to property and the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Review
previous incident:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Always review
past data addressing previous similar incidents or any previous incidents that
have had the potential for catastrophic failure or facility consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Analyse controls and failures:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> This is a very important element in ensuring
that all existing engineering and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_controls" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">administrative controls</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> are adequate and effective.
All controls must be in place to keep process parameters within safe operating
limits. This will also help prevent challenges to system integrity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Consider
facility siting:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> This is related
to facility design and best engineering practices. Analyse the layout and
spacing of facilities between process units, including the severity of the
consequences of possible accidents involving workers in the same location and
adjacent facilities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Address
human factors:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Since the
facility is operated mand monitored by operators, they always be available
within the operating facility, it is important to address the circumstances
where the operator response could negatively influence the level of protection.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Assess the effects of the incident:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> It can be done qualitatively to assess the
range of possible safety and health effects of employees.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Decide
the required actions:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Evaluate each
scenario to determine whether design and/ or operating changes are needed to
further protect workers on site.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PHA Key Components</span></b></h3>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">1. Formation of PHA Team<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">A team of people with experience in different
disciplines like engineering, process, design and operations should be there to
carry out the <b><i>Process Hazard Analysis</i></b>. The team should include
critical designers, operations, maintenance, processes, controls engineering,
and sometimes licensors representatives. Critical designers may include equipment
vendors, inspectors, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protection" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">fire protection</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> and metallurgy specialists.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">A qualified Process Hazard Analysis
facilitator should have experience in Process Safety Management (</span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/01/process-safety-management.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">PSM</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">), facility operations, and have the
analytical skills necessary to help the team identify </span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2019/12/what-types-safety-hazards.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">hazards</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">, understand risks, prioritize or rank the
hazards, and must be able to capture the team information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The team should include personnel with
experience and specific knowledge for the process being evaluated. They must
have knowledge and experience in the <b><i>Process Hazard Analysis</i></b>
methodology used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The <b><i>PHA team</i></b> leader must be
well informed in the implementation of the <b><i>PHA method</i></b>. Team
members must be competent, compatible, and the team leader must be able to
manage the team.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2. Process Safety Information</span></b></h3>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Process Safety Information (</span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/01/process-safety-management.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">PSI</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">) must include complete and accurate
documented information on:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">a) Highly hazardous process chemicals with
toxicity information including permissible exposure limit, physical,
flammability, reactivity, corrosivity data, etc. It should also include
identified incompatibilities and dangerous contaminants, and thermal data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">b) Process technology information should be
available, such as block flow diagrams or simplified PFDs, P&ID, material
and energy balance, process chemistry, criteria for maximum inventory levels
for process chemicals, process set points, qualitative estimates of
consequences of deviations, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">c) Information on process equipment such as
construction materials, electrical classification, design of relief systems and
design bases, design of ventilation systems, codes and standards of design and
safety systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">3. Prioritization<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Process Hazard Analysis</span></i></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> must be performed on each process covered by
the Process Safety Management (</span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/01/process-safety-management.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">PSM</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">) rule. If multiple processes require <b><i>PHA</i></b>,
then <b><i>PHA</i></b> should be prioritized. For prioritization, the following
considerations are considered:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">a. Potential severity of a chemical release.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">b. Number of potentially affected employees<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">c. Operational history of the process,
including the frequency of past chemical releases and the age of the process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">4. Schedule<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Process Hazard Analysis must be in place
before the process begins. The <b><i>PHA report</i></b> should be updated and
revalidated at least every 5 years to ensure it is consistent with the current
process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><br />
<b>5. Finding, decisions, and recommendations<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">a. There must be a robust system to promptly
address the team's findings and recommendations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">b. The system should be in place to assure
that all recommendations are timely resolved and documented.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">c. The system should be in place to document
all actions to be taken<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">d. The system should be in place to develop a
documented completion schedule for each action steps<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">e. Must have robust system to complete
actions as soon as possible and on schedule.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">f. There must be a system to communicate the
actions to all concern personnel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PHA philosophy of control</span></b></h3>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">A control philosophy explains the P&ID to
describe how each piece of equipment is controlled and operated. The programmer
uses the control philosophy to program the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">PLC</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">, a control philosophy describes the project
process and the interactive control of the system. It also describes the safety
system alarms and shutdown systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The first section of the control philosophy
describes the general process in words. The control philosophy also includes
shutdown and alarm set points, function and type of PLC. It includes control
loop tables that describe each loop function, loop variable, and parameters. A </span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/02/process-safety-control-safety-integrity-level.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety Integrity Level</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (SIL) describes
the various layers of safety protection to prevent accidents. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">How to reduce the likelihood of an accident?</span></b></h3>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Safe designs, preventive maintenance,
testing, inspections, procedures, and training will reduce the occurrence of
the initial event. The goal of a <b><i>PHA</i></b> is to prevent incidents by
identifying the process hazards, risk analysis, the significance of that
hazard, improving operations, and meeting company and legal requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Effective
Decision making</span></b></h3>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">During the <b><i>Process Hazard Analysis</i></b>,
you must first identify the exposure to loss and then assess the level of risk
associated with each exposure before deciding on the appropriate controls.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">For an effective <b><i>PHA</i></b> and its
decisions, a shared understanding of the objectives is very important when
designing a complex facility to operate safely, however, productively, there
must be a decision framework that everyone understands, that facilitates
discussion and encourage high-quality decisions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The <b><i>PHA
framework</i></b> must be simple, understandable to all, and can be applied
consistently. It offers the approach that enables a team of participants to
systematically think about the design, comprehensively identify and clearly
assess risk. A well-executed PHA is like a shared language that allows a team
to make decisions based on shared knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">To better understand, let's take an example,
suppose there is a liquid gas separator vessel and consider "no flow"
situation as abnormal process condition in the separator, now what could be the
cause, suppose there is pressure control valve at the container outlet that
could be inadvertently closed. If it closed, whether something catastrophic
would happen, maybe not, there is PSV on the separator vessel. But it is
possible that PSV may fail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Here we can take some credit for it, but this
does not eliminate the risk. Now, since it doesn't completely eliminate risk,
then what would be the worst credible consequence? There could be some high
inlet pressures observed in the past so that the separator can overpressure.
There is another protection, a high-pressure automatic shutdown which means
that we have two protections, one is PSV and the other is an automatic
shutdown. Both safeguards can reduce risk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Here, at this point, we have to make a
decision about risk acceptance using a standard risk matrix. Due to these two
safeguards, the risk matrix supports that the risk is acceptable. The <b><i>PHA
</i></b>team will document all of these logical decisions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">This is the correct and systematic approach
to performing PHAs where the risk is to clearly understand, make logical
decisions, and manage them by identifying, evaluating, and monitoring abnormal
process conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Importance of risk-based decision</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The risk cannot be zero, but it can be
minimized to an acceptable level. A risk-based decision is to choose the best
alternative to maximize the chances of meeting business objectives and minimize
the risk of loss.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Although a good risk-based decision does not
guarantee the result, it can make a good decision and still have a bad result,
but it helps to diversify the risk. If you always make good decisions based on
risk, the chances of getting a positive result will always be greater than bad
decisions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">In the <b><i>Process Hazard Analysis</i></b>,
the project team assesses the risk and operates the facilities by understanding
the consequences, if something goes wrong, and accounting for the chances of
these consequences occurring. If the risk is too high to accept, effective
steps must be taken to reduce it. A process risk analysis incorporates the
risk-based decision framework with a participatory decision-making process and
the objective is to apply the basic rule of risk-based decision-making which is
to keep the decision process as simple as possible. possible but not too
simple.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">In the highly dangerous industry, risk is
inherited in all processes, but top performing organizations continually
develop, implement, and improve a risk management system as a key component of
their business management system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">There are four principles of operational </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">risk management</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">, i.e. accept the risk which compensate the
cost, unnecessary risk should be accepted, anticipate and manage the risk
through proper planning and full-proof controls, make risk decisions at the
right level. These risk management principles help organizations identify and
address risk consistently across the organization. It also improves stakeholder
confidence and trust during design and operation, establishing a reliable basis
for decision making.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Good risk management helps to allocate
resources effectively for improved risk reduction, operational effectiveness,
and efficiency. Finally, applying risk management principles will improve
organizational learning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Example of Good risk-based decision</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Organizations that have a </span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2019/12/Concept-Safety-Culture-assessment-indicators.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">positive safety culture</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> show that they
have competent and knowledgeable decision makers who help them keep their
businesses accident free. In addition, they ensure adequate resource allocation
to minimize risk to an acceptable level. To understand, let's look at the
example of one of the control rooms of highly hazardous facilities, the panel
operator received the high level alarm in the separator vessel, and immediately
informs his supervisor and engineer in charge of making the decision shutdown
the process. They jointly examine the availability of process safeguards. They
also reviewed the availability of other safeguards on that vessel and want to
confirm the high-level shutdown system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The engineer in charge suggests continuous
monitoring and sends a person to check it with this high alarm. They discuss
with other process experts and observe the situation for longer hours to decide
if shutdown is actually required or not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">They arrange for standby mechanical equipment
to reduce pressure under normal conditions without disturbing the shutdown
system. In addition, they organize a tank truck to transport the liquid. They
organize the standby fire services as a precautionary measure. In this way, the
team of competent people in an organization practices good risk-based decision
making to build the company culture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Threat to risk-based decision</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">In most of the organization, the <b><i>Process
Hazard Analysis</i></b> is not carried out correctly, it may be due to the lack
of knowledge or incompetence of the team members. It may be due to cultural
deficiency because when it comes to making risk-based decisions, people risk
something to manipulate or relate to their past experience. Peoples are making
decisions without any technical or analytical basis and then are not sure if it
was a good decision or not. </span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2019/12/Concept-Safety-Culture-assessment-indicators.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Company culture</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> is also important because
when people make that decision, there may not be an effective standard to
measure the quality of a decision. In a time of uncertainty, how your company
rewards or punishes decisions that also matters and is therefore responsible
for the decision-making process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">For example, suppose there is a high-level
alarm on the DCS panel of some facility, say a separator vessel, then the panel
operator informs his supervisor or process engineer in charge and asks about
the need to turn off the equipment or the installation. Then, the process
supervisor discussed with the panel operator that it is normal, and the process
does not require any special attention since this alarm is not reliable, it is
being received every few days. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Then the DCS operator asked his supervisor
about the decision, what to do, if he just had to acknowledge it and do
nothing. Then the supervisor and engineer-in-charge start arguing with the
thinking considering it's time for the annual performance review, the plant is
working fine, downtime is below target and our safety record looks very good.
To achieve key performance metrics and get an annual increment more, it is best
to acknowledge the alarm without taking appropriate action. This is the threat
in the risk-based decision-making process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">People are repeatedly rewarded for making bad
decisions. This happens when results are the only measure of performance.
Unintentionally, organizations lead people to take excessive risks. Some
organizations may not clearly understand the usefulness of sound risk
management principles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)</span></i></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> is a systematic method of identifying,
evaluating, and controlling the risks associated with the hazardous chemical
handling process and helps to minimize the likelihood of consequences and
occurrences. <b><i>PHA </i></b>begins with the simple question "Is the
risk acceptable?" and therefore provides a systematic approach to
decision-making to improve safety and reduce the effects of unwanted or
unplanned release of hazardous substances.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">There are different types of methodology or
techniques available for <b><i>PHA</i></b>, but there are certain common
elements such as team building, process safety information, prioritization,
schedule, findings and recommendation that help make an appropriate effective
decision for minimize the <b><i>process risk</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Organizations that have a positive safety culture
help keep their business accident-free through a good risk-based
decision-making process, and therefore assist in allocating adequate resources
to minimize risk to an acceptable level by adopting the best <b><i>Process
Hazard Analysis technique</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-34181408159280424492023-02-04T18:34:00.001+01:002023-02-04T18:34:31.387+01:00What is Quantitative Risk Assessment? How is the QRA conducted?<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqH4MBqYpE9U6qPuLoZxU0SG_DYh-b47Bud6Hq6Zgx2ynQeKispq451TLYglRs6Xytd_fgdg5NkU85XexIVosoiivAcfhyphenhyphenfqH74-QtrO_tof_QllQWYsu1WCVYrqB6cLvhUGUi5GTjy5A/s850/what-is-quantitative-risk-assessment-study.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="What is Quantitative Risk Assessment? How is the QRA conducted?" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="850" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqH4MBqYpE9U6qPuLoZxU0SG_DYh-b47Bud6Hq6Zgx2ynQeKispq451TLYglRs6Xytd_fgdg5NkU85XexIVosoiivAcfhyphenhyphenfqH74-QtrO_tof_QllQWYsu1WCVYrqB6cLvhUGUi5GTjy5A/s16000/what-is-quantitative-risk-assessment-study.jpg" title="What is Quantitative Risk Assessment? How is the QRA conducted?" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Quantitative Risk Assessment</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #385623; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">What is Quantitative
Risk Assessment? How is the QRA conducted?</span></b></h2><span><a name='more'></a></span><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #385623; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">What is Quantitative Risk
Assessment?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Quantitative Risk
Assessment</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> is a
data-based measure of the amount or quantity of the overall effect of the risk
to estimate the <b><i>likelihood and</i></b> <b><i>consequences of hazardous
events</i></b> which ultimately helps determine the results <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative" target="_blank">quantitatively</a> as a
risk for people, the environment and / or property. It also assesses the
robustness of existing safety measures and the validity of quantitative
results, by identifying critical assumptions and <b><i>elements of risk
management</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> <script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script></span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #385623; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">What is the Objective of QRA study? </span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Basically, there are two main
<b><i>objectives of</i></b> <b><i>Quantitative Risk Assessment</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">To estimate likelihood and
consequences of hazardous events in specific quantity (quantitatively). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">To envisage the risk to people’s
life, injury, environment damage and effect
on structures (Industrial installations, critical structures and around the building)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #385623; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">Why to conduct Quantitative Risk
Assessment?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">For robust, safe and
cost-effective decision making and to establish an estimate of technical risks
for the entire life cycle of the installation, performing a <b><i>Quantitative
Risk Assessment</i></b> is very important.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Risk assessment</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> is the systematic process of identifying
<a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2019/12/what-types-safety-hazards.html" target="_blank">hazards</a>, analyzing the risk and evaluating how existing safety control measures
adequate and effective or maintained at appropriate levels. This not only helps
prevent and protect life, the environment and property, but also helps meet
regulatory and corporate criteria.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It has also been found that
industries and corporates conduct <b><i>QRA</i></b> to demonstrate acceptable
levels of risk when approving large industrial facilities or when making
significant changes to operations.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Typically, a <b><i>Quantitative
Risk Assessment</i></b> (QRA) study is required for hazardous processes that
handle highly hazardous chemicals or the process involving high pressure
equipment, machinery, pipelines or the storage of hazardous chemicals including
flammable gas and oil.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The <b><i>QRA study</i></b>
helps to improve the decision-making process by estimating the risk of credible
emergency scenarios that contribute the most to the overall risk and thus helps
to meet an acceptability criterion to demonstrate that risks at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALARP#:~:text=ALARP%2C%20which%20stands%20for%20%22as,as%20far%20as%20reasonably%20practicable." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ALARP</a> level.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #385623; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">What are the basic inputs required
for QRA? </span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Since the name “<b><i>Quantitative Risk Assessment</i></b>” and the
result will be in a specific quantity, a lot of data is needed as input for
this QRA study.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Here is the minimum list of inputs, which may vary from
industry to industry and from installations to facility.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"></p><ol><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Details of facility and general processes information.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Geographical image and details of nearby vicinity.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Data sheet or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">SDS</a> of chemicals</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Details of storage quantity of chemical, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">solvent</a>, gases,
fuel, etc. </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Type of Storage such as bullet, sphere, vertical tank
etc.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Existing safety control system and fire protection
Systems </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Facility and nearby society/villages Population Data </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Weather Data &
Release Size </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Operating Parameters
</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Emergency
shutdown philosophy</span></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #385623; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">What will be output of QRA? </span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> After assessing the risk and dispersing
modeling, here are the list of QRA output<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"></p><ol><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Estimated / Expected
Fatalities (individual, group and social risk)</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pressure Wave affects to installations and surrounding</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Toxic Release in distance and exposure intensity</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Radiation Energy of Fire and explosion</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Different Couture</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt;">in Map</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Predicted economic losses</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Predicted environmental
impacts</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Risk to specific main safety
functions</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Effects of uncertainties and
assumptions.</span></li></ol><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #385623; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">How QRA study gives quantitative
results? </span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">After collecting all relevant data as input, software such
as PHAST is used to estimate the quantity by using the inbuilt library of gases,
chemicals, mixtures etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"></p><ol><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It gives quantitative result in </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Toxic Dispersion vs Distance</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Toxic Dispersion Contour
</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Jet Fire</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Pool fire
Radiation Vs Distance</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Pool fire
Radiation Vs Distance</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Explosions vs Distance</span></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #385623; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">What are the sources of emergency scenarios
for QRA study? </span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">In QRA study, credible
scenarios are selected from process hazardous equipment such as reactors, gas
compressors, pipelines and other equipment, Storage Tanks of flammable and
combustible substances and processes handling toxic chemicals.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #385623; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">What are the benefits of QRA study? </span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Here are few important benefits of QRA study;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"></p><ol><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Help management to decide the
acceptable risk level</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Help management to decide and
develop Emergency Management Plan (On-site and Off-site)</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Help to identify the escape
routes </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Helps to decide the location
of vital installations including location of Control Room, fire pump house and
master assembly point.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Fire Fighting and other
essential building locations </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Environmental issues
identification </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Help to develop the emergency
shutdown procedures and other mitigation plans.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Help to estimate the
insurance premium or transfer of Risk </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Help to estimate the capital expenditure
on Safety </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Helps to develop and review
of standard operating procedures (SOP) </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Help to decide the blast
proof wall requirement or Fire or Explosion Proof Walls </span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Help to decide the inter
distance or installation or facility separation.</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It provides information on
operational restrictions and design requirements</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It identifies and assesses
prevention and mitigation measures</span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It helps to identify the need
and function / requirements of safety barriers.</span></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #385623; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Book"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 128;">What are the limitations of the QRA
study?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">As in <b><i>Quantitative Risk
Assessment study</i></b>, large amount of data is processed, mostly peoples use
two-dimensional ellipses to represent danger zones, such as the area around an
explosion, which has 10% of chances of death. Likewise, a pragmatic approach is
used to simplify the dissemination results. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Typically, flat terrain and a
clear world are used to determine the behavior of a scattering cloud and / or
spray puddle. This poses problems when the effects of uneven terrain or the
complex geometry of processing plants undoubtedly affects the behavior of a
scattering cloud. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Although they have
limitations, the 2D danger zone and the simplified approach to 3D scattering
modeling allow handling large volumes of hazard results with known assumptions
to aid in decision making. The compensation changes as the processing power of
the computer increases.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Modeling the consequences of
hazardous events in true 3D form may require a different approach, for example
using a fluid dynamics calculation method to study cloud scattering over
mountainous terrain. Creating CFD models requires a much larger investment of
time on the part of the modeling analyst which may not be justified in all
cases.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">A major limitation of the <b><i>Quantitative
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focuses primarily on the loss of containment of hazardous fluids and what
happens when they are released. This makes <b><i>Quantitative Risk Assessment</i></b>
impractical in hazardous industries that do not focus on containment of fluids
but are still prone to catastrophic events.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hazard and operability study: HAZOP</td></tr>
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<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">Hazard
and operability study: HAZOP decision making process – PHA Technique</span></b></h2>
<br />
<a name='more'></a><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The <b><i>Hazard and Operability Study
(HAZOP)</i></b> is a systematic technique to examine the risk of failure of the
complex process in the intervention of operators, i.e. It is used to identify
possible process deviations, operational difficulties, determine the causes of
the deviation and recommend preventive actions or controls.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The basic concept behind the <b><i>HAZOP</i></b>
study is that the process works well when operated under design conditions.
When deviations from process design conditions occur, operability problems and
accidents can occur.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Modern <b><i>HAZOP</i></b> was developed by
Lawley in the UK after industrial accidents such as the Flixborough disaster on
June 1, 1974, UK, which resulted in the loss of 28 lives. This technique
adopted worldwide after the 1984 Bhopal toxic gas tragedy, India, which
resulted in the loss of more than 2,500 lives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> can be performed to configure new facilities, during change management
(MOC), i.e. the modification of existing facilities or for a new project or for
an expansion project.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> is one of the methodologies to perform the </span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/06/process-hazard-analysis-PHA-concept.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Process Hazard Analysis</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> (PHA) which is a
comprehensive systematic review of a process to identify </span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2019/12/what-types-safety-hazards.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">hazards</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, analyze the significant hazards, evaluate
the adequacy of safeguards and provide appropriate solution to mitigate them when justified.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It is not a method of reviewing the quality
or operation of the design, be carried out before your </span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/06/process-hazard-analysis-PHA-concept.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">PHA</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> meeting so that everyone has already
accepted the functionality of the design.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP, PHA and PSM relation</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">In 1984, a Methyl isocyanate, a toxic gas was
released at a Union Carbide pesticide plant in India that killed more than
2,500 people and hospitalized more than 125,000. The Bhopal India incident was
the worst industrial accident in history, as a result, American Society of
Chemical Engineers helping to develop </span><a href="https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.119" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">OSHA 29CFR 1910.119</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, this is known
as Process Safety Management (</span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/01/process-safety-management.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">PSM</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">). </span><a href="https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.119" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">OSHA</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> adopted Process Safety Management in 1992
for any process that could catastrophically release flammable or explosive
reactive toxic chemicals or stores more than 10,000 pounds of flammable
liquids.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">These are the building blocks of Process
Safety Management for emergency shutdown, safety and alarm systems, process
controls, and logic and procedures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">An adequate PHA assessment will collectively
focus design and safety operational teams to review risks, incorporate input
and perspectives, and develop stronger safeguards and procedures to prevent
accidents. Most of the time organizations prefer techniques like ‘What if’ or
‘HAZOP’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> is a more comprehensive review of a complex P&ID system i.e. easy
to organize and document. The ‘What if’ technique is preferred for simpler or
more focused systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP vs HAZID</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Hazard and operability (HAZOP)</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> is a technique used to identify both
potential hazards and potential operability problems due to deviation in the
design intent. It helps to review the design intent of the particular
installation or process system by applying guide words related to the
parameters of each process to discover the causes of deviation, adequacy and
effectiveness of the safeguards and then recommend controls. Use a risk matrix
to determine the probability and consequences of failure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP </span></i></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">is generally conducted for new facilities, modification to existing
facilities through MOC, and every 5 years for operational facilities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Hazard Identification (HAZID) is a technique
used to identify hazards based on standard checklists prepared with reference
to best industry practices, standards, rules and regulations, experience and
best engineering practices. Provides input to the primary risk assessment for
credible events or scenarios.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZID can be performed at any stage of the
installation, i.e. at initial stage of the new installation, in modification of
existing project, expansion, operational project, regular, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP purpose</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP </span></i></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">is a proactive technique to identify and assess hazards, review the
adequacy of safeguards, and assess risk in facility design rather than waiting
for an accident to occur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Risk is the product of probability and
consequence. The term probability is something that expresses uncertainty about
future events, while the consequences are the result, extent, or severity of
the event.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP </span></i></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">reviews the process plan to pick up potential design and engineering
problems. It helps to review the control philosophy defined in P&ID to
describe how each piece of equipment is controlled and operated. The programmer
uses the control philosophy to program the PLC, a control philosophy that
describes the project process and the interactive control of the system. It
also describes the safety system alarms and shutdown systems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The first section of the control philosophy
describes the general process in words. The control philosophy also includes
shutdown and alarm setpoints, function and type of PLC. It Includes control
loop tables that describe each loop function, loop variable, and parameters. A
safety integrity level (SIL) describes the various layers of safety protection
to prevent accidents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP's study</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> addresses hazards (</span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2019/12/what-types-safety-hazards.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">safety</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/01/occupational-health-management.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">health</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">, environment, property / asset) and issues
that affect operability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP Applicability</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1. For any stage in the life of a process
that has reasonably high levels of danger and complexity of the process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2. For flow type processes. It is not used
very effectively for the mechanical or electrical type of risk analysis of
industrial processes or facilities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3. In general, hazard analysis in the process
industries, especially in change management (MOC).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4. For the expansion of existing projects,
new or new facilities of process industries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Hazards and Operability (HAZOP) Steps </span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The <b><i>HAZOP</i></b> method uses guide
words to ask questions about any possible deviations from the mode of
operation, evaluating the related causes and consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Before starting <b><i>HAZOP</i></b>, the
company must have the <b><i>HAZOP procedure</i></b> and the risk matrix.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;">Preconditions or preparation for HAZOP</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">When conducting a <b><i>HAZOP</i></b> it is
essential that there must be standardized format to record all important
identified causes. The consequences of each cause will be developed globally
without regard to safeguards, safeguards will be claimed only if they are
documented and proven and a consistent risk classification process must be
used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP team with leader<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">For a successful <b><i>HAZOP</i></b>, the
collective knowledge of a multidisciplinary team helps to identify risk through
a creative and collaborative process, so high-quality decisions require shared
perspectives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Team members with engineering and operational
skills are very important in conducting <b><i>HAZOP </i></b>in decision making,
but they do not always agree, therefore a facilitator (team leader) should act
as a decision leader with the tools and the right approach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The team leader guides the team to make
rational, high-quality decisions by applying a simple decision process that
should be sufficient for all team members to understand but must be
comprehensive enough to address risk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;">List of nodes with design intent<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Break down the process installation design
into a number of simpler sections in P&ID and PFD. These sections are
called 'nodes' which are then individually reviewed. Prepare a list of nodes
along with the design intent to analyze each node in the design. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">You must select a section or node to review,
you can highlight each node in the P&ID in colour, for each node you must
continue with the start of the process and then clearly discuss and understand
the function or design. Spend enough time to thoroughly analyze design intent
and goals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Please note that this is not an opportunity
to change the design, but it is to ensure the suitability, reliability and
effectiveness of the safeguards. Gather relevant up-to-date documents for
chemicals, materials, and equipment data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Here are the steps to perform HAZOP;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP Step-01: Select a design intent
parameter</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">This is the first step where the team
documents the node description and design intent when referring to the control
philosophy. The process parameters can be pressure, temperature, flow,
composition, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">For a better understanding, let's take the
example of the first node, there is a liquid-gas separator container that
receives the saturated liquid mixture from the bottom and then passes the gas
to the compressor and the liquid to the tank. The main parameters are pressure
and flow. But, for example, here we are selecting pressure as a parameter to
evaluate first.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP Step-02: Select an applicable <o:p></o:p></span></b><span style="font-size: 24px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><b>guide-word</b></span></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">To identify the deviation, guidewords for
each parameter are applied to each node in the process. The guide words should
be selected according to the parameters and the study. Here are the ideas for
selecting guides.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">• MORE or HIGH: indicates that the value
increased more than the design intention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">• LESS or LOW: Indicates that the value
decreases than the design intention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">• NO or NO: Indicates complete stop or
failure of design intent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">• REVERSE: Opposed to design, logical or
directional intention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">• AS WELL: Modification of the value towards
the upper side or increase<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">• PART OF: Modification of the value towards
the lower side or decrease<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">• INSTEAD OR OTHER THAN: Indicate substitute<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">• EARLY: Indicate the time before the design
intention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">• LATE: Indicates the delay of the design
intention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">• BEFORE: Indicates the sequence or before
the order<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">• AFTER: Indicates the sequence or later to
order<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">There are several guidewords, but here for
our examples, we select the guideword as "high". So, the parameter is
"pressure" and the guide word is "high". Let's look at the
deviation in the next step<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP Step-03: Generate the deviation</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Here we discuss the process deviations from
its design intent. We can add various core deviations to each node, including
changes in flow, temperature, pressure, level, leaks, concentrations, among
other problems. Each deviation will be reviewed by the team. The team must
analyze the consequence of each deviation without any design safeguards, then
analyze the protection included in the current design.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Brainstorm the possible causes within the
node that could cause the deviation, don't analyze or criticize these causes,
you just need to capture the score and record all of them, i.e. make a list.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP Step-04: Risk identification</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The risk identification process must be
systematic, selecting specific deviations from the process; otherwise, if we
only try to identify the risk by asking what can cause a hazardous event, then
we cannot conclude since the process can have thousands of causes of hazards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">We can consider the process deviation as high
temperature, high pressure, low level, misdirected flow, no or low flow, etc.
which are relevant to the identified process. Then the team should focus on a
specific deviation simply by asking the question, what can cause high pressure
in the process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">For example, there is a separator vessel that
separates the liquid from the gas once it is received. This vessel is provided
with a pressure control circuit and a level control circuit and a maximum
allowable working pressure is slightly above the set point of the pressure
relief valve.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Now apply the first guide word, ie "high
pressure", deviation from normal operation. Then find out the cause of the
deviation, and if the pressure control valve fails to closed position.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP Step-05: Identify the effect or
consequences</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">This step is to confirm that the cause is
valid and then analyze it, otherwise remove it. When considering the
consequences, imagine that we are operating without safeguards, the operator is
not paying attention, the control valve is manual, position alarms and safe
interlocks are not working, and no one is following the procedures. It is vital
to develop and document the consequences fully and chronologically. You should
look at the worst possible reasonable scenarios. You must record all
consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Identify the worst credible consequences
without safeguards and assign a level of severity. What will be the
consequences if overpressure of the vessel leads to rupture due to involuntary
closure of the pressure control valve? What is the level of exposure of
operators or other personnel at the facility and what will be the impact? Can
it kill someone? Can it cause a public relations disaster, a major loss of
property? Will it cost huge financing to repair or replace equipment, etc. Some
of the significant consequences may be considerable and important for the
company to manage risk based on the decision of the HAZOP team. Suppose here
that the team agreed that rupture of vessel can lead to fatality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP Step-06: Assess probability</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">In our example, here we must evaluate the
probability of failure of the pressure control valve without safety safeguards.
The causes of failure of the control valve may be due to the logic controller
or the sensor outlet air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Then based on data within the company, past
experience, or different operational and engineering experience, we have to
determine the probability of failure. It can be 5% or 10% or 20% or 90%
probability in a year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP Step-07: Risk evaluation without
safeguard</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Once we have decided the probability and the consequences,
we must assess the risk without any safeguards. In our example of the separator
vessel rupture scenario, the probability of failure of the control valve is
high, and the severity is also high due to a possible fatality. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Consider that
in our organization's standard risk matrix, when there is high probability and
high consequences, the risk is considered high. According to the risk matrix,
high risk is not acceptable at all. Then we must decide on some control
measures to reduce the risk and bring it to an acceptable level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP Step-08: Assess the safeguards</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Now here at this stage, our main focus is to
reduce risk and bring it to an acceptable level by ensuring some safeguards. We
can reduce risk by reducing probability and / or consequences. In an earlier
stage we evaluated the risk without considering the safeguard, but in this
stage we have to evaluate the risk with the available safeguards. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">So just check
if there is an alarm with operator intervention, if there is any pressure
relief valve or PSV available in the vessel, if there is any trip interlock, if
there is any automatic bypass system, if there is any automatic shutdown system
high pressure alarm trigger etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">You must add safeguards that are included in
the P&ID and control philosophy. It first assesses global safeguards and
challenges their effectiveness, then we visualize the sequence of the accident,
consider the time, effects, and possible impact of stress and urgency in
reaction time. Safeguards are listed in priority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">First, it lists the elements that eliminate
the causes, then we list the elements that mitigate the consequences, and
finally, it documents human intervention, such as the emergency response.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">If you check the layer of protection, the
first layer is the processed design, which is the most reliable. As you work
from the centre, you add alarms, safety instrumented systems (SIS), emergency
relief systems, and lastly, emergency response.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Each of these is an additional layer of
protection that can collectively prevent accidents. Safeguards include
instrumented protection such as control loops and alarms, non-instrumented
operator surveillance and mechanical design features, and others such as
training and preventive maintenance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Now, for our examples, suppose there is PSV
available to deal with failure of pressure control valve, it will reduce
pressure. This protection can prevent the rupture of the vessel, that is, it
will reduce the probability of rupture of the vessel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">But based on industry experience and data, it
has been observed that the PSV can also fail, so we cannot consider it as the
most reliable or full proof system as it will not completely eliminate the risk
to an acceptable level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP Step-09: Decision making</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">This is the stage in which we have to
conclude that the risk is acceptable, or we have to think of some other more
reliable safeguard, that is. recommendation to further reduce risk by reducing
probability. You should follow your organization's risk matrix to decide the
acceptability of risk, as it is the only document that will help you make a
decision on risk acceptance criteria. Based on the risk decision, you should
recommend safeguards when the risk is not acceptable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Team must rank i.e. classify cause and
consequence. Team has first assigned a numerical level of severity without
safeguards, then assign a numerical probability of occurrence with safeguards
and finally assign a numerical risk ranking or rating from the risk
matrix. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Team must classify the probability of the
consequence according to these descriptions is the frequent, occasional,
possible, improbable, or improbable probability afterwards. Severity may be
high, medium, or low probability. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The risk ranking is based on the rating of
probability and impact of the consequence, then you must determine the level of
action required for each level of risk, after having evaluated these events,
team will propose recommendations for the highest risk scenarios.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;">HAZOP Step-10: Record and report </span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The team must prioritize ideas that prevent
the cause from occurring. If the cause cannot be avoided, the team will suggest
ideas to mitigate the consequences, the team should not attempt to design
solutions at this point.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">But without commitment to action, there is no
value in recommendations. Therefore, there should be an action plan with
properly assigned responsibilities with a target date. Record all
recommendations and assigned responsible parties. It is important to assign
responsible parties before the end of the <b><i>HAZOP</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Merits of Hazard and operability study
(HAZOP)</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1. It is more suitable to study the complex
process or a complicated procedure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2. It helps to study and analyze large
processes in detail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3. It is the most appropriate process to
analyze both safety and operability problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4. It is the most logical and gives a
constructive result to decide the control measures or safeguards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Demerits of Hazard and operability study
(HAZOP)</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1. It is a complicated and time-consuming
process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Study sessions can be intensive and
exhausting, as it takes time to provide a full analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3. In general, do not observe chronic or
occupational hazards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4. People may spend time discussing
operational issues rather than safety.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Hazard and operability (HAZOP) study Example</span></b></h3>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Here are the sample of HAZOP sheet as we
studied above for the gas-liquid separator system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.98%;" valign="top" width="6%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Sr. No.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Parameter<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Guide
word<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Deviation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.3%;" valign="top" width="12%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Causes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 17.56%;" valign="top" width="17%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Consequences<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 14.92%;" valign="top" width="14%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Safeguards<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 17.52%;" valign="top" width="17%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Recommendations<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.98%;" valign="top" width="6%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Pressure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">High<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">High
pressure in vessel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.3%;" valign="top" width="12%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Control
valve failure to close<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 17.56%;" valign="top" width="17%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Rupture
of vessel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 14.92%;" valign="top" width="14%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">PSV on
vessel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 17.52%;" valign="top" width="17%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Automatic
shutdown system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.98%;" valign="top" width="6%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.3%;" valign="top" width="12%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 17.56%;" valign="top" width="17%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 14.92%;" valign="top" width="14%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 17.52%;" valign="top" width="17%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Examples No-2: Cooling water chlorination
system<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.98%;" valign="top" width="6%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Sr. No.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Parameter<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Guide
word<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Deviation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.3%;" valign="top" width="12%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Causes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 17.56%;" valign="top" width="17%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Consequences<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 14.92%;" valign="top" width="14%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Safeguards<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 17.52%;" valign="top" width="17%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Recommendations<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.98%;" valign="top" width="6%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Flow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">No flow
in chlorination loop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.3%;" valign="top" width="12%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Pump
failure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">IV failed
to open<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Loss of
electric power to pump<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 17.56%;" valign="top" width="17%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">No
chlorin in tower basin reduces the desired concentration <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 14.92%;" valign="top" width="14%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Pump
malfunction alarm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 17.52%;" valign="top" width="17%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Nil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 6.98%;" valign="top" width="6%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Flow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.78%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">More<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 13.18%;" valign="top" width="13%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">High
flow in chlorination loop<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 12.3%;" valign="top" width="12%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Non
identified<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 17.56%;" valign="top" width="17%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 14.92%;" valign="top" width="14%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 17.52%;" valign="top" width="17%">
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Note:
Pump normally runs at full speed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Hazard and Operability (HAZOP)</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> is the most appropriate Process Hazard
Analysis (PHA) technique to study the complex process to identify potential
hazards in the designed process and probable operability problems by analyzing
the causes of the deviation of the process and associated risk and review the
safeguards to prevent accidents during its operation stage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The <b><i>HAZOP team</i></b> should be
competent and aware of the PHA technique led by the facilitator to facilitate
the decision-making process. A record must be kept for the full <b><i>HAZOP
study</i></b> and roles and responsibilities assigned for each recommendation
before the study is closed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 30px; margin: 12pt 0in; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span style="font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 30px; margin: 12pt 0in; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span style="font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div style="line-height: 32px; margin: 12pt 0in; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 37.3333px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><b style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 14pt; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">Test Your Knowledge</b></p></span></div><div style="line-height: 32px; margin: 12pt 0in; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1; margin: 15px 0px 25px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 28px; position: relative; text-align: left; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://safetyquiz.safeworldhse.com/2020/07/safety-quiz-on-hazardous-chemicals.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3498db; font-size: 19px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.6s ease 0s;" target="_blank"><i style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">Safety Quiz on Hazardous Chemicals: Ultimate questionnaire</i></a></div><div style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1; margin: 15px 0px 25px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 28px; position: relative; text-align: left; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s; z-index: 10;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 19px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; transition: all 0.6s ease 0s;"><a href="https://safetyquiz.safeworldhse.com/2020/07/quiz-on-permit-to-work-system-process.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #3498db; line-height: 18px; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.6s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Quiz on Permit to Work System - Process of Work Permit System</a></i></div></div></span></div></span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 30px; margin: 12pt 0in; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span style="font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 37.3333px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><i style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">You may find affiliate links in this article. This means that if you click on a link and purchase any of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at no additional cost to you, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions or reviews. Everything we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 37.3333px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><i style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-42965741840822970912023-02-04T18:33:00.000+01:002023-02-04T18:33:37.682+01:00Working at Heights | Hazards and Control Measures 2023 EHS guide<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYf38JoYOsidKI3Zl7hQ6nANnwzMFoqNzhgLwGHm9BumIfdAP7sjrm3uyVmR6fsZ66pl7BgXeq7UX31m6GA1pg5bB78LgnhyYV2vNWXi2Dzm5kpaTKYzOYjmy5ZH2W1dlDvoKKh_v-2V8/s1600/Working-at-heights-Hazards-Control-Measures-2020.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Working at Heights fall protection scaffolding ladder" border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="601" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYf38JoYOsidKI3Zl7hQ6nANnwzMFoqNzhgLwGHm9BumIfdAP7sjrm3uyVmR6fsZ66pl7BgXeq7UX31m6GA1pg5bB78LgnhyYV2vNWXi2Dzm5kpaTKYzOYjmy5ZH2W1dlDvoKKh_v-2V8/s16000/Working-at-heights-Hazards-Control-Measures-2020.jpg" title="Working at Heights | Hazards and Control Measures 2020" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Working at Heights | Hazards and Control Measures 2020</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b></b></div>
<a name='more'></a><b><br /></b><br />
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at Heights | Hazards and Control Measures 2023</span></span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Working at height </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">possess high risk and most of the fatalities recorded worldwide
due to failure of fall protection measures. 2023, its ninth consecutive
year, Fall Protection declared as most cited OHSA violation. The agency
announced in <a href="https://congress.nsc.org/nsc2019/public/enter.aspx"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;">National Safety Council 2023 Congress &
Expo</span></a>. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">The National Security Council and the Occupational
Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) have stated that the top 10 are as
often as possible related to the violation of the well-being of the work
environment during the 2019 Monetary year where most of the accidents happened
due to noncompliance of Fall protection system , unsafe scaffolding, unsafe use
of ladder and lack of training on fall protection.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Below
list published by OHSA for the year 2020.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Fall protection</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Hazard
communication</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Scaffolding</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Lockout / Tagout</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Respiratory
protection</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ladders</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Industrial trucks
</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Fall protection:
training requirements</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Guarding of
machine</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Personal
protective and rescue/lifesaving equipment - Eye and face protection</span></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Above these identified violations alerting employees
to find a way to detect and resolve perceived risk control measures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">OSHA working at heights standard</span></b></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3fUh0nBE8GuNs16sGWhsgPtZj_ONuIATdoEJA7h63rQ0x94CYfRN4sqo_cPdEuWMJDkQwWyB516ZFLOv2K-bcWYiQZMa6XReY8Cd6DEJreGs5AqgzWoGZtyzRHmxdAQM84uQOKBfJhig/s1600/OSHA-working-at-heights-standard.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="OSHA working at heights standard" border="0" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="720" height="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3fUh0nBE8GuNs16sGWhsgPtZj_ONuIATdoEJA7h63rQ0x94CYfRN4sqo_cPdEuWMJDkQwWyB516ZFLOv2K-bcWYiQZMa6XReY8Cd6DEJreGs5AqgzWoGZtyzRHmxdAQM84uQOKBfJhig/s320/OSHA-working-at-heights-standard.png" title="OSHA working at heights standard" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Workers will be authorized to work on
these surfaces just when the surfaces have the essential quality, structural
integrity and adequate strength.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A walking / working surface of 1.8 m or
more above a lower level must be protected against falls by using railing,
safety net or individual fall arrester aid.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Any worker who erect a leading edge of
1.8 m or progressively above the lower levels protected against falls by using
railing, safety net or individual fall arrester/protection aid.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If a handrail is chosen to protect
against falls and a controlled access area has just been defined for the work
at edge, the command line can be used instead of a handrail along the edge
parallel to the main edge.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Each worker in a crane man basket/hoist/
cradle must be protected from a fall of 1.8 m or more at lower levels by
railing or full body harness.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Each worker on a work surface must be
protected against tripping or walking through openings in or through openings.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at heights
procedure requirement</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It’s better
to perform all activities on the ground where possible. However, fall
prevention and protection must be implemented whenever working above ground
especially at height more than 1.8m above reference level is inevitable.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at height
Fall protection</span></span></b></h3>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwZDxJC91kh4CBO0iT8VM1ahIXCwZk_DgBaGcH7QsuYAiylodN5G_bJatPu5NE1J-tXlzl89K2eZJP_n8Nml6M0CEN66iVNfjzNuP1JSUKlLSzzWpc4wAO4Rp4hA5wepPgaa3PxymXWGI/s1600/Working-at-height-fall-protection.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Working at height Fall protection" border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="700" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwZDxJC91kh4CBO0iT8VM1ahIXCwZk_DgBaGcH7QsuYAiylodN5G_bJatPu5NE1J-tXlzl89K2eZJP_n8Nml6M0CEN66iVNfjzNuP1JSUKlLSzzWpc4wAO4Rp4hA5wepPgaa3PxymXWGI/s640/Working-at-height-fall-protection.jpg" title="Working at height Fall protection" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Working at height Fall protection</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fall protection
measures including edge protection, guardrail system, fence, barricade or cover
must be utilized as the primary fall protection systems for holes, pits, shafts
and other openings. In addition, fall protection system is required when
working at levels with an unprotected side or edge. Appropriate PPE required
for each work shall be determined based on the level of exposure and shall be
listed in the permit to work.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at height
Fall prevention system</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Workers with
health problems like heart disease, high blood pressure, psychosis, epileptic,
or any of such diseases should be considered unfit for working at height.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Weather
conditions should be assessed before the commencement of any height related
activities. This assessment must be included as part of the safe job analysis.
Permit shall not be issued for work at heights during adverse weather and if
permit was already issued, it must cancel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <i><a href="https://safewolrd.blogspot.com/2020/01/occupational-health-management.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Click hear to know about workplace occupation health</a></i></span></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Identification
of fall hazards and risk control in workplace during working at height</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In addition
to planned height related activities, regular reviews and inspections of the site
should be carried out to identify potential sources of fall hazards. All these
sources must be recorded and followed up until adequate controls are provided
to eliminate the hazard<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">When a
high-risk fall hazard is identified during routines inspection, corrective and
preventive measures must be established immediately before the work in the area
can be allowed to continue.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Work at
height fall protection equipment</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fall
prevention and protection systems must be installed when working at height.
This may include a combination of the followings:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Guardrail
system</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Warning line
system</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Safety full
body harness</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anchorage</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Connectors</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lifeline</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Self-retracting
lifeline / lanyard</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Shock absorber,
i.e. shock-absorbing lanyard</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Snap hook</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Maintenance
and inspection of fall protection equipment</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All personal
fall protection equipment must be stored in a dedicated area where their
integrity can be ensured.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Inspection of
this equipment should follow a formal monthly schedule in addition to pre-use
visual inspection by the user for wear, damage or other signs of deterioration.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Defective
equipment must be removed from service immediately if any of the following
signs are observed during inspection:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cuts and
tears</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Undue
stretching</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Alterations
or additions</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Deterioration
from acid, fire, or other sources</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Distorted
hooks, or parts</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Faulty hook
springs</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All personal
fall safety equipment subject to maintenance according to regulations and the manufacturer
instructions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at
height Guardrail Systems</span></span></b></h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvTFn6tuSJiZEFyGILENEGBCZ9LnXRZPgOYGYLs4qw3E8kZO4WpmxbpNzikgzyGnvpttDzIOHIhglflvThumeJ-F_ZG850ywnzS4xp9QO7YK9OLXVL6ffgtPzoxvak_HJcoJq6ymsWDo/s1600/Working-at-height-guardrail-systems.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Working at height Guardrail Systems" border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="550" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPvTFn6tuSJiZEFyGILENEGBCZ9LnXRZPgOYGYLs4qw3E8kZO4WpmxbpNzikgzyGnvpttDzIOHIhglflvThumeJ-F_ZG850ywnzS4xp9QO7YK9OLXVL6ffgtPzoxvak_HJcoJq6ymsWDo/s640/Working-at-height-guardrail-systems.jpg" title="Working at height Guardrail Systems" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Working at height Guardrail Systems</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Permanent
guardrails are often constructed as part of stairways, landings, work
platforms, and equipment access platforms. Where short-term fall hazards exist,
temporary guardrails are used.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Guardrails
must meet certain requirements so be compliant with regulatory standards and it
must consist of a top rail, mid rail and toe board. The top rail needs to be
between 900 and 1000 mm above the working surface (or ground), and capable of
withstanding 100 Kg or 0.980 Kn of force downward or outward.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Similarly, a
guardrail’s mid rail must be capable of withstanding 70 Kg of force downward or
outward. The toe board must cover and protect a height of 10 cm above the working
surface and be capable of withstanding 22.5 Kgs or 0.222 Kn of force downward
or outward. There must not be more than a 5mm gap between the bottom of the toe
board and the working surface.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">When tools,
equipment or materials such as bricks are piled higher than the top edge of a
toe board, </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">paneling</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, screening or safety nets must be used from the working
surface or toe board to the top of the mid- or top-rail.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at
height temporary warning</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Consisting of
ropes, wires, chains and supporting props, temporary warning lines are designed
for short-term hazards. They must be flagged at least every 1.8m with
high-visibility material, and signage must be posted indicating controlled
access during construction. Warning lines are required to be no lower than
850mm and no higher than 900mm from the walking surface.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at
height toolbox talk and warning monitor</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before start
of work at height, toolbox talk must be conducted to make aware all involved
persons about identified hazards, risk and control measures. Warning monitors
are competent personnel assigned to keep others away from a fall hazard, and
they should only be utilized when all other means of fall protection are not
possible. Warning monitors must not have any other duties in addition to
keeping people away from the fall hazard.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Click here to know more about <a href="https://safewolrd.blogspot.com/2019/12/Contractor-Safety-Management-improve-worker-perception.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">workers perception</a></span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at
height Fall Restraint Systems</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fall
restraint system inhibits a person to prevent them from falling. Fall restraint
systems comprise anchorages, connectors, body belts/harnesses, lanyards,
lifelines and rope grabs. Anchorage points must be capable of withstand four
times the expected load and must be ridged to prevent vertical free fall if the
person slips.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at
height Fall Arrest Systems</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fall arrest
systems minimizes the injury to person from a free fall. Fall arrester
equipment must be used correctly to prevent injury. Fall arrest equipment incorporates
body support devices i.e. harnesses, lanyards and anchorages.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at
height Body Support Devices</span></span></b></h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtdm_Taa5t0wDJJGXAIYZTFLPq7krQ8UZEotW8FIhR86nuJOXkVVUDiAd7aBHazarkcqi-a4lQBvUiSk-clvXM2T9VkAAugVJ5x4SPzmE7UdLPvdeHvBJ595CaDw0lQmQIUWuw38cpa0E/s1600/working-at-height-body-support-devices.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Working at height Body Support Devices" border="0" data-original-height="933" data-original-width="700" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtdm_Taa5t0wDJJGXAIYZTFLPq7krQ8UZEotW8FIhR86nuJOXkVVUDiAd7aBHazarkcqi-a4lQBvUiSk-clvXM2T9VkAAugVJ5x4SPzmE7UdLPvdeHvBJ595CaDw0lQmQIUWuw38cpa0E/s640/working-at-height-body-support-devices.jpg" title="Working at height Body Support Devices" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Working at height Body Support Devices</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Body support
devices are designed to place the arresting force of a fall on the strongest
parts of the body. Types of body support devices are waist belts, chest
harnesses and sub-pelvic full body harnesses. Waist belts are designed to be
used as restraints only. They have an average of two minutes of endurance.
Chest harnesses are designed for rescue and restraint and have an average of
six minutes of endurance. Sub-pelvic full body harnesses average ten minutes of
endurance and, of the three, are the optimal type for fall arrest.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Even after an
individual is caught from a fall by a fall arrest system, they aren’t out of
danger. Within 15 to 20 minutes, suspension from a harness causes blood to pool
in the legs, eventually making the suspended individual pass out. The
non-circulating blood in the legs then loses oxygen and becomes toxic, a
dangerous condition known as suspension trauma, also known as harness hang
syndrome (HHS), or orthostatic intolerance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">To prevent
suspension trauma the best practice is to utilize a body harness with
suspension trauma straps that the individual can use to hook their feet into
and push their body upward, allowing their blood to continue circulating.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at
height Lanyards</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lanyards hook
is supporting the body and are intended to stretch when loaded. The stretch slows
down the impact speed and arresting the force when the person/wearer falls. A typical
lanyard harness is rated for a total capacity of 140 Kg pounds. Proper length
lanyard must be chosen for the job. If it is too long then it cannot prevent the
falling person from hitting surfaces or objects below them. As for the
lanyard’s snap-hook device, only self-enclosing and self-locking types should
be used, and two lanyards snap hooks should never be connected together.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at
height Anchorages</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fall arrest
equipment is connected to an anchorage point, which supports the equipment and the
individual in the event of a fall. In certain countries, it is required that
any anchorage point used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment must
be independent of any anchorage being used to support or suspend platforms.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Different
anchorages consist of cross-arm straps for covering around structural members,
driven anchorage points fasten temporarily or permanently to the fixed structure,
concrete anchors are generally drilled into the concrete floors or walls, and
bar anchors that bridge an opening.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at
height |Scaffolding safety</span></span></b></h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvz2kViKJsy8KOoT2j7Mij_qx3AALesTEjIV64fNzJMfRDQDqxrVLlF3ElrSNnsa-iAZ2iEnUdKaQQ1mbazRMibUIMk5YhHTgPlCjxwA4JFOTg9wBaS4e9fJCLIDlWHP4UsSsSvf62pW4/s1600/working-at-height-scaffolding-safety.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Working at height |scaffolding safety" border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="350" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvz2kViKJsy8KOoT2j7Mij_qx3AALesTEjIV64fNzJMfRDQDqxrVLlF3ElrSNnsa-iAZ2iEnUdKaQQ1mbazRMibUIMk5YhHTgPlCjxwA4JFOTg9wBaS4e9fJCLIDlWHP4UsSsSvf62pW4/s640/working-at-height-scaffolding-safety.jpg" title="Working at height |scaffolding safety" width="354" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Working at height |scaffolding safety</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All types of
scaffolding must be installed by competent and certified personnel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All
scaffolding under erection or awaiting approval must carried boldly written
signs indicating that they are not fit for usage. A harness must be worn when
working at heights where there is a danger of falling.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before
starting the construction of the scaffolding, the following should have been
evaluated and ensure that:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">The user and
the scaffolder should agree on the dimensions of the scaffolding (area and load
dimensions).</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Must notify
to the site safety specialist and he must approve the activity after review of
risk assessment carried out jointly by job executor.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Review of
potential conflict with other equipment has been carried out for;</span></li>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">electrical
equipment</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">escape routes</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">access to
safety equipment</span></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The scaffold must
be completed in such a manner that falls to lower levels are prevented. This
could be done by implementing one or more of the following:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mounting
handrails and kick-boards</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Securing
tools and other items</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Attaching a
safety net, if necessary</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Considering/erecting
barriers and signs</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Using
certified scaffolding only.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Scaffolding Training,
Competency and Supervision for working at height</span></span></b></h3>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Scaffolding
may only be erected, maintained, altered or dismantled under the strict
personal supervision of a competent Scaffolding Supervisor (or Scaffolding
Inspector) who has been appointed in writing.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Scaffolding
may only be erected, maintained, altered or dismantled by competent and
appointed Scaffolding Erectors (or Scaffolding Builders). It is the Scaffolding
Supervisor’s responsibility to ensure that all persons carrying out such work
are suitably trained and experienced.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A certificate of competency issued by a reputable
(i.e. accredited and approved,) training provider must be produced for each Scaffolding
Erector.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A Scaffolding Supervisor and Inspector shall be
trained and approved by CITB (UK).</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Safety
measures during erection and dismantling of Scaffold</span></span></b></h3>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Only approved
scaffolding components may be used to erect a scaffold. Scaffolding must be erected,
modified and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines or
recommendations, and in strict compliance with all applicable legislation and
standards.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A
free-standing scaffold must not exceed a height of three times the smallest dimension
of its base.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Scaffolds
with a height to base width ratio of more than 3:1 must be restrained from
tipping over by guying, tying, or bracing. Guy wires and ties prevent
scaffolding from tipping away from the building or structure, and braces are rigid
supports that prevent the scaffolding from tipping into the building or
structure.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Scaffolding
must be secured to the structure every 6 meter vertically and every 9 meters
horizontally (as a minimum). Adequate underpinning, sills or footplates must be
provided for scaffolds erected on filled or otherwise soft ground (including
sand or gravel).</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If the
scaffolding is to be load bearing (i.e. other than normal access and workplace
storage) then full calculations and a design must be prepared and authorized in
writing by a structural engineer. The load limits specified by the scaffolding
manufacturer may not be exceeded under any circumstances.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Scaffolds
must be plumb and level at all times.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All
scaffolding components must be in good condition (i.e. undamaged and free of
corrosion).</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All
scaffolding components must be properly connected or secured and scaffolding
must be effectively braced (diagonal bracing).</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Each person
erecting, maintaining, altering or dismantling scaffolding must use fall
protection at all times (i.e. a full body safety harness with two shock
absorbing lanyards fitted with scaffold hooks).</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The work must
be planned to enable every Scaffolding Erector to be securely anchored at all
times.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A suitable
lanyard length (not exceeding 2 meter) must be selected taking the potential
fall distance and height of attachment (height of anchorage point) into
account. If the lanyard is too long or the anchorage point is too low, the
person may hit the ground, a platform, or objects below him before the lanyard
is able to break his fall.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The area
around the base of a scaffold must be barricaded to prevent unauthorized access
into the work area. When scaffolding is erected or dismantled on a level,
platform, or floor lying above ground level and the potential exists for
components to fall to levels below the level on which the scaffolding is
positioned, then the area directly below the scaffolding on each of those
levels must also be barricaded. Appropriate warning signage (i.e. “Overhead
Work in Progress” and “No Unauthorized Access”) must be prominently displayed.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Hoists, lifts and approved
material baskets must be used (where available) to lift scaffolding components
to elevated positions.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Where components are passed
from hand to hand during the erection or dismantling of a scaffold, each
Scaffolding Erector must always stand on three boards and not directly above
the person below him. During this process, each Scaffolding Erector must remain
within the confines of the scaffold and must expose as little of his body as
possible to minimize the risk of being struck by a falling component. Good
communication between team members must be maintained at all times.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">No scaffolding components,
tools, or any other material may be dropped from height or thrown from one
level to another. Components, tools and materials must be lowered or lifted in
a controlled manner. Use may be made of a chute.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Each tool must be secured to
the wrist, harness or structure by means of a lanyard. A tool bag (around the waist
or over the shoulder) may be used for carrying tools up and down a scaffold structure.
Tools or equipment may not be carried by hand up or down a structure, as both
hands must be used for climbing. If necessary, a rope must be used for lifting
or lowering tools or equipment.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">While a scaffold is being
erected or dismantled, no scaffolding components may be stacked on the scaffold
structure unless it has been designed for that purpose. Any loading of a
scaffold structure must be authorized in writing by a structural engineer.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">For special scaffolding (i.e.
load bearing scaffolding), a design must be prepared by the appointed Scaffolding
Supervisor and this design must be authorized in writing by a structural
engineer before the scaffolding is erected.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Scaffolding may not stand on
steel grating unless the grating is adequately supported from below. Scaffolding
must rather stand on the structure that supports the grating.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Empty drums, crates or bricks
may not be used to prop up, support or anchor scaffolding.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Before scaffolding is erected
in close proximity to an electrical installation or live conductors, an electrical
engineer must inspect the area and determine whether or not the scaffolding
must be earthed. Should the scaffolding require earthing, this must be done as
soon as possible while the scaffolding is being erected.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Scaffolding may not be
erected if it is raining, in winds stronger than 35km/h, or if any lightning is
observed. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A green tag (displaying the
words, “Scaffold Safe for Use”) or a red tag (displaying the words, “Danger: Do
Not Use Scaffold”) must be prominently displayed on each scaffold at all times.
The tag must be positioned close to the base of the ladder or staircase
provided for safe access. The wording on the tags must be in English and any
other language commonly used on site.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">As a minimum, a green tag
must display the Scaffolding Supervisor’s name, the date that the scaffold was
erected, and the date that the scaffold was last inspected.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Only an appointed Scaffolding
Supervisor may attach, change, update the information on, or remove these tags</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Precautions
during special conditions for leaving unattended unsafe scaffold</span></b></h3>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Scaffold Must
be:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Left
partially erected or partially dismantled except for normal work stoppages (for
example, over weekends) and then, at the very least, the scaffolding must be
adequately braced to ensure that it does not present a hazard;</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Left in an
unsafe condition (if scaffolding is unavoidably in an unsafe condition,
barricading must be in place to prevent unauthorized access and the required
red tags must be prominently displayed on the scaffold structure); or</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Moved or
altered while work is in progress.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mobile
scaffolding safety</span></span></b></h3>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mobile
scaffolding must be equipped with brakes, which must be engaged at all times
when the scaffolding is in use. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A scaffold must
not be moved if any person is on the structure.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Safe Access
to Scaffolding</span></span></b></h3>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Safe and
convenient access must be provided to every scaffold platform by means of
properly installed ladders or approved stairways, which must remain
unobstructed at all times. Climbing up or down a scaffold on the braces or
ledgers is forbidden.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All ladders
used to access scaffolding must be securely attached to the scaffold structure.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hook-on and
attachable ladders must be specifically designed for use with the type of
scaffolding being used.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If a ladder
is used to access a scaffold platform at a height greater than 1.5 meter above
the ground, then the ladder must be secured internally (i.e. within the
scaffold structure) and there must be an opening (closed with a trap-door) in
the platform at the top of the ladder.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If the
scaffold platform is at a height of less than 1.5 meter above the ground, then
the ladder may be attached externally provided the guard rails around the
platform are modified to allow access (the opening in the guard rails must be
kept closed using a self-closing gate). No person may climb over or through the
guard rails to gain access to a platform.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If a vertical
ladder used on scaffolding is more than 5 meters in length it must be equipped
with a ladder cage extending from a point 2 meter from the base of the ladder
to a height of 1 meter above the platform (or the uppermost platform) that the
ladder is providing access to.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Circular ladder cages must
have an internal diameter of no more than 700mm. Square ladder cages must have
internal dimensions of no more than 700mm by 700mm.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The requirement for a ladder
cage may be waived if platforms are provided at height intervals not exceeding
8 meters, with the vertical ladder secured on the inside of the scaffolding
framework and an opening (closed with a trapdoor) in each platform.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Vertical ladders must be
braced at three-meter intervals (as a minimum) to prevent undue movement.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">All vertical ladders
providing access to a platform must be left in place for as long as the
scaffold remains in place and must be inspected as part of the scaffold
structure.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<h3 style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Safe
Scaffolding Platforms | Deck board</span></span></b></h3>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Safe work
platforms must be provided.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Every work
platform must be complete (i.e. from ledger to ledger and from transom to
transom without any gaps) in order to prevent personnel, materials, tools, etc.
from falling through the platform.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Every work
platform must be constructed from manufactured steel scaffold boards (planks)
of equal thickness (height). Timber boards are not permitted under any
circumstances. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Each steel
scaffold board must be securely hooked (fastened) onto the ledgers or transoms
that support it.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On all sides,
every scaffold platform must be provided with </span></span></li>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sturdy guard
rails positioned 500mm above the platform floor (the mid rail) and 1000mm above
the platform floor (the top rail); and</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Steel toe
boards that are at least 150mm high and securely attached such that no gap
exists between the toe boards and the platform floor.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Note: Wire
mesh infill panels incorporating a toe board may be used instead of a mid-rail.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Scaffold
platforms must be as close to the structure as is practicable.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Scaffold
platforms must, at all times, be kept free of waste, protruding objects, and
any other obstructions. Platforms must be cleaned if necessary to ensure that
they are maintained in a non-slip state.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Inspection of
Scaffolding</span></span></b></h3>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Every
scaffold structure must be inspected by a competent Scaffolding Supervisor:</span></span></li>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Prior to use
after erection, and at least weekly thereafter;</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">After
inclement weather (heavy rain, strong winds, etc.);</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">After any incident resulting in jarring, tilting or
overloading;</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">After any alteration is made;
and</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Before being dismantled.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">On completion
of an inspection, the Scaffolding Supervisor must update the information on the
scaffold tag.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A record of
each inspection (date and time of inspection, location of scaffolding,
findings, etc.) must be captured in a register. The register(s) must be
maintained by the Scaffolding Supervisor(s) carrying out the inspections.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Scaffolding
Components or Parts - Identification and Inspection</span></span></b></h3>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All scaffolding
components belonging to a contractor must be properly marked or uniquely coloured
to enable positive identification.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Prior to
erecting a scaffold, all scaffolding components must be carefully inspected by
a competent Scaffolding Supervisor.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Components
found to be defective during an inspection must be conspicuously marked and
removed to a suitably demarcated quarantine area for destruction, repair,
refurbishment or removal from site.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Deformed and
bent wedges must be straightened and inspected for cracks before being put back
into service.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Safety in
scaffolding uses | Responsibility of user | Scaffolding Do and Don’t </span></span></b></h3>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The user of a
scaffold (i.e. the responsible supervisor) must inspect the erected structure
prior to acceptance and must ensure, as far as is reasonably possible, that the
scaffold is safe and fit for purpose before allowing his team to make use of
the scaffold.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In
particular, the user must ensure that:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The scaffold
and the platforms have been constructed to meet the loading requirements of the
work that is to be carried out (the Scaffolding Supervisor must be consulted in
this regard);</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
Scaffolding Supervisor has checked that adequate ties and braces are in place;</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The work
platforms are in the correct positions and are complete with toe boards and
guard rails;</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Safe and
convenient access has been provided (ladders and / or stairways); and </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A green
(“Scaffold Safe for Use”) tag has been attached to the scaffold by the
Scaffolding Supervisor.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Use of an
incomplete or unsafe scaffold is prohibited.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Unsteady or
non-rigid scaffolds must not be used and inadequacies must be reported to, and rectified
by, the responsible Scaffolding Supervisor.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The user of a scaffold must
ensure that every person in his team is aware that no alterations to the scaffold
may be made by the team during the course of their work, and that if any
alterations are required, they must be made by competent Scaffolding Erectors
under the supervision of an appointed Scaffolding Supervisor.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A scaffold may
not be used:</span></b></span></li>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">If a red tag is displayed
indicating that the scaffold is not safe to use; or</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">During inclement weather,
defined as wind speeds greater than 40km/h, thunderstorms, or heavy rain in
excess of 40mm/h. </span></span></li>
</ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">The area around the base of a
scaffold must be appropriately barricaded to prevent unauthorized access into
the work area.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Appropriate warning signage
must be prominently displayed.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Loose tools and / or
materials on scaffold platforms must be secured using lanyards, wire or fiber rope,
or must be placed in secured containers.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Where appropriate, “catch
nets” deemed may be installed as an additional safety measure to prevent materials
or tools from falling to the ground.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The storage or placement of
materials on scaffolding platforms must be kept to a minimum. Debris as well as
tools and materials that are no longer required must be removed from all
working platforms at least once per day.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Scaffolding platforms must be
cleaned regularly.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A heavy load may not be
placed on a scaffolding platform unless the scaffold has been designed and constructed
specifically for that purpose. Any loading of a scaffold structure must be
authorized in writing by a structural engineer.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Scaffolds may not be used as
hoisting towers or to support piping or equipment.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Each person working from
scaffolding must wear fall protection (i.e. a full body safety harness with two
shock absorbing lanyards fitted with scaffold hooks) and must be securely
anchored at all times.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">All work must be carried out
from properly constructed work platforms. Standing on railings or braces in
order to perform work is forbidden.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Drums, boxes and other
makeshift substitutes for scaffolding may not be used under any circumstances.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Where work on an electrical
system is to be undertaken from a scaffold, an electrical engineer must determine
whether or not the scaffolding structure requires bonding and earthing. The
scaffolding may not be used until this has been determined, and if required,
until the structure has been bonded and earthed.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Specially designed and
constructed scaffolding can take maximum loads greater than 240kg/m2, such as
masonry work, piping or equipment, and is classified as a special scaffold.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Storage of
Scaffolding Components or parts</span></span></b></h3>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All scaffolding
components must be stored in a demarcated storage area in such a manner that
they are not exposed to environmental extremes and will not cause injury to
persons. Suitable barricading or fencing must be erected and warning signage
must be posted (e.g. No Unauthorized Entry). </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Within a
storage area, scaffolding components must be stacked such that pathways (750mm
in width) are maintained between the stacks. Each stack must be stable and
components must be neatly placed to ensure that no ends protrude into any
pathway. The various components must be stacked separately.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The weight of
scaffolding components must be considered when stacking them in elevated
positions.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Any storage
area for scaffolding components must be positioned such that it will not interfere
with any onsite activity (including the operation of any plant or equipment),
block any access way, or obstruct access to any plant or equipment.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ladders
Safety | Working at heights</span></span></b></h3>
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</div>
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-sjJXXTQ9gOyJQG8RXip9ldXSyzwB9CLiVCVuZOmTgDZnMM1xva8O5UJjktcmjz1u6h8Ec4nIpeoyYowYZ0yhHq-532hoxru8mDgSR6e-GG7VtjzKE-lotqwDUxmP-tQ8ArazAJpeF34/s1600/working-at-height-ladder-safety.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ladders Safety | Working at heights" border="0" data-original-height="677" data-original-width="450" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-sjJXXTQ9gOyJQG8RXip9ldXSyzwB9CLiVCVuZOmTgDZnMM1xva8O5UJjktcmjz1u6h8Ec4nIpeoyYowYZ0yhHq-532hoxru8mDgSR6e-GG7VtjzKE-lotqwDUxmP-tQ8ArazAJpeF34/s640/working-at-height-ladder-safety.jpg" title="Ladders Safety | Working at heights" width="424" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ladders Safety | Working at heights</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ladders may
be used for carrying out simple jobs, however with approval, adequate controls
and supervision by experienced personnel. Ladders, when approved for use, must
always be secured to ensure they do not slip during operation and they must be
laid flat on the identified storage area when not in use.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Portable
ladder safety | Portable Ladders Hazard and risk control</span></span></b></h3>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A formal and
documented risk assessment must show that no practical alternatives exist
before a ladder can be used.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A good
handhold must be available all the time</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ladders must
be checked by the user for general condition prior to each use.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Use of Ladder
must be followed in accordance to the manufacturer’s specifications and
recommendations. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Due to
product specification changes that may occur, the users when in doubt should
always consult the manufacturer’s specifications. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If the ladder
is found to be unsafe, it must be tagged out and removed from site immediately
and destroyed.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Do not use
the top two rungs on a step ladder. All portable extension ladders shall extend
a minimum of 36 inches (1 meter) past the area to be accessed. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Three-point contact must be maintained at all times
when climbing a ladder.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Equipment and/or materials must
not be carried up a ladder. A rope may be utilized to transport equipment
and/or materials.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Extension ladder
safety | Extension Ladders Hazard and risk control </span></b></span></h3>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvPVnLYUDWakR3O4e4bNwijA2LL_7_qT44YSjyvA7xSpe_o67TM5KjoEWoXGZLO0cRhjQUQuW7Oydk6RjevK5prCVGf5iaMt0OAlkwG0vZdDXbHHEqI5cEajAqG9eN54c06kAhg1aZC2k/s1600/extension-ladder-safety.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Extension ladder safety" border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="260" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvPVnLYUDWakR3O4e4bNwijA2LL_7_qT44YSjyvA7xSpe_o67TM5KjoEWoXGZLO0cRhjQUQuW7Oydk6RjevK5prCVGf5iaMt0OAlkwG0vZdDXbHHEqI5cEajAqG9eN54c06kAhg1aZC2k/s320/extension-ladder-safety.gif" title="Extension ladder safety" width="216" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Extension ladder safety</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Extension ladders must be
tied off (secured) at the top and bottom at all times unless the ladder is being
used for short duration work and is being stabilized by another worker. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">One worker must hold the
ladder while another worker climbs and secures the ladder. Only then can the
worker stabilizing the ladder let go of the ladder.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Extension ladders must not be
taken apart to use the extension as a second ladder as no swivel feet are on this
section of the ladder.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Portable ladder
Safety for Short term work</span></b></span></h3>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Workers performing “light
duty work” from a portable ladder at a height of 6 feet or greater, where the ladder
will be at any one spot for sporadic, short-term work must follow the guideline
below:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The work
should be reached without stretching</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The worker must
have one hand available to hold on to the ladder or other support to maintain three
points of contact.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The ladder should
not be positioned near an edge of excavation or floor opening that would significantly
increase the potential fall distance.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Only
non-conductive ladders shall be used for electrical work or work being
performed in proximity to energized electrical equipment. Metal ladders and
ladders with metal reinforcing may not be used.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The use of
makeshift ladders is forbidden.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<h3 style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">2020 General
Ladder safety Tips</span></span></b></h3>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All ladders
must be numbered, listed in a register, and inspected by a competent person on
a monthly basis (the results of each inspection must be recorded in the register).</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before using
a ladder, the user must inspect it for damage.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ladders with
missing, broken, cracked or loose rungs, split stiles, missing or broken
spreaders (stepladders) or any other form of damage or defect must not be used.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A damaged ladder
must be removed from service (and tagged, “Out of Service”) without delay and must
then either be repaired (if possible) or destroyed to prevent further use.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Persons must
receive instruction or training on the correct use and proper care of ladders.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ladders may
only be used as a means of access and egress. The use of ladders as working platforms
is prohibited, except for inspection and carrying out minor tasks (i.e. light
work and short duration) such as changing a light bulb.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ladders must
not be positioned horizontally and used as walkways or runways or as
scaffolding.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All portable
ladders must be fitted with non-skid safety feet (or some other means to
prevent the base of the ladder from slipping) and the feet must always be
placed (stand) on a firm level surface.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The use of bricks, stones, wood or any other material
to level the stiles of a ladder is prohibited.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ladders may not be placed on
movable bases such as boxes, tables, trucks, etc.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The base or foot of a ladder
must always be secured to prevent it from slipping. The ladder must be held by
an assistant if the base cannot be secured in any other way (e.g. tied off).</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A <b>straight ladder</b> must
extend at least one meter beyond its support (or above the working platform that
it is providing access to). The top of the ladder must be tied off (or
otherwise secured to its support) to prevent accidental movement.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A <b>straight ladder</b> must
be placed at a safe angle, i.e. tilted at a ratio of approximately 4:1, meaning
that the base of the ladder must be one meter away from the wall (or other
vertical surface) for every four meters of height to the point of support.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy6bEoqCNN9SQwMYD1ZPX8g19lzILIvvxt4-UuirysiHeMxCd2YCHjrxAZ4ilSmOO90YnOb6MT2HZ3Q_AJdytwodAHYc0GDhEdY4NZnEux2iuoqsaMQtB1avsHyZik9HvRoidl9h7zJ1Y/s1600/Portable-ladder-safety.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Straight ladder 4:1 rule" border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="700" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy6bEoqCNN9SQwMYD1ZPX8g19lzILIvvxt4-UuirysiHeMxCd2YCHjrxAZ4ilSmOO90YnOb6MT2HZ3Q_AJdytwodAHYc0GDhEdY4NZnEux2iuoqsaMQtB1avsHyZik9HvRoidl9h7zJ1Y/s320/Portable-ladder-safety.jpg" title="Ladder Safety" width="316" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Straight ladder 4:1 rule</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A <b>stepladder</b> may never
be used as a straight ladder. A stepladder must be opened fully and the spreaders
must be locked securely.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When using an extension
ladder, at least four rungs must always overlap at the centre of the ladder.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ladders may not be joined
together unless they have been specifically designed and manufactured for that
purpose.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A suspended ladder (i.e. not
standing on a base) must be attached in a secure manner to prevent undue
swinging or swaying, and to ensure that it cannot be displaced.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A ladder may not be placed
against a window, glass or any other material which is unlikely to withstand
the force exerted on it by the top of the ladder.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A ladder may not be placed in
front of a door or window that opens towards the ladder unless the door or
window has been locked or barricaded.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When a ladder is used near an
entrance or exit, the base of the ladder must be barricaded.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Materials and / or equipment
may not be placed in close proximity to the base or landing of any ladder.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">When ascending or descending
a ladder, a person must always face the ladder and use both hands (i.e.
maintain three points of contact).</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Nothing may be carried up or
down a ladder if it prevents the person from holding on to the ladder with both
hands.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Tools must always be properly
secured. This can be achieved by attaching them to the wrist using lanyards or
placing them in a tool belt around the waist.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Tools and materials may also
be carried in a bag over the shoulder or hoisted to the landing using a tool
bag and rope. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Only one person at a time may
use (i.e. be positioned on) a ladder.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">No person may stand or step
above the third rung from the top of a straight ladder or above the second
highest step of a stepladder.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Overreaching from a ladder is
prohibited. If the target is not within comfortable reach, the person must
climb down and reposition the ladder.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">No person may run up or down
a ladder, or jump from the lower rungs or steps to the ground. All ladders must
be properly maintained and cared for.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ladders must be stored under
cover and should be hung in a horizontal position from several brackets.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">No ladder may be left lying
on the ground or be left exposed to the weather. A ladder left lying on the ground
presents a tripping hazard and it may be damaged by vehicles running over it.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">No ladder may be left in such
a position where it may fall over, be accidentally knocked over, or be blown
over by the wind.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ladders may not be painted,
as the paint may conceal damage, defects, labels or other markings.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Instead of paint, clear
varnish or wood oil may be used to preserve wooden ladders.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Ladders must be kept clean,
as dirt may conceal damage or defects. Oil or grease accumulation on the rungs
of a ladder may cause a person to slip.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Before making use of a
ladder, each person must make an effort to remove mud, oil, grease, etc. from
his boots.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<h3 style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Working at
height dropped objects prevention</span></span></b></h3>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The following
should be followed to prevent dropped objects when working at height where
dropped objects hazard has been identified in a formal and documented risk
assessment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All tools,
materials required for use at height must be secured in tool bags and or boxes.
</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">No tools or materials
should be delivered by throwing to anyone working at height.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All heavy
tools or materials which are required by those working at height must be
delivered through a safe path or specific lifting facilities.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pilling up of
materials on the scaffold in a manner that may lead to drop objects is strictly
prohibited.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">At the end of every height related operations, the
removal of tools, materials, PPE and other items used at height must be removed
through a safe path.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Conclusion</span></b></span></h3>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Working at height
is risky job and require intensive safety measures to safeguard the persons.
OHSA and National Safety Council declared that most of accident occurred
worldwide due to failure in fall protection standards. These incidences
alerting employers to assure safety measures while working at height. By ensuring
best safety standard in workplace while working at height viz. safe
scaffolding, safe ladders, edge fall protections, lifeline, full body harness,
hazard identification, risk management, supervision and engaging competent
workmen, accidents can be prevented.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-54568844042842619992023-02-04T18:32:00.000+01:002023-02-04T18:32:31.447+01:00Occupational ill-health | Prevention and Management of occupational diseases <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a name='more'></a><h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Occupational ill-health | Prevention and management of occupational diseases</span></span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">Occupational ill-health is recognizable,
undesirable physical or mental condition occurring by a work-related activity
or conditions and may become severe overtime. It is </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 150%;">a chronic disease caused by repeated
exposure to work hazard during performing routine work activities.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 150%;"> It has m</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 150%;">ultiple causes including work environment together with other risk
factors.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 150%;">
Occupation diseases may be occurring individually or among a group of exposed people
and </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 150%;">develops over time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before
identifying, the illness may need substantial treatment or could be permanent.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.jdoqocy.com/click-100221878-12558191" target="_top">Over 4000+ Test Centers Nationwide. Order Testing Today!</a><img border="0" height="1" src="https://www.tqlkg.com/image-100221878-12558191" width="1" /></span></div>
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<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Type of Occupational Diseases/ ill-health</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Occupational health hazards are due to exposure of
chemical, physical, biological or ergonomic.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Occupational diseases are broadly divided into two
categories<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Disease caused
by exposure to agent</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Diseases
by target organ</span></span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Occupational Diseases Caused by Exposure to agents
</span></span></b></h3>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">1. Caused by exposure to chemical agent <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Inorganic </a>- e.g. lead, arsenic, silica, <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Organic </a>- e.g. solvents, glues, resins, fluxes<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">2. Caused by exposure to physical agent</span></span></b></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">noise,
vibration, compressed air</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ionizing radiation,
Eg. -X- rays, gamma rays, beta particles, alpha particles</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">non-ionizing
radiation Eg. Microwaves, infrared, visible and UV light (optical)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Exposure
to extreme temperature and humidity.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ergonomic
exposure Eg. Repeated movement, body posture, load bearing, etc</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">3. Caused by exposure to biological agent</span></span></b></div>
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<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Infectious
Eg. Bacteria (Tuberculosis, Leptospira, Tuberculosis, etc), Viruses (Hepatitis
B, etc)</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Parasitic
diseases</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Allergens
of biological origin Eg. laboratory animals, insects, mice, wood and other
plant material, fungal spores.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">4. Caused by Psychological exposure</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Various
aspects of work activities, peer group pressure, and work environment and work organization
may be stressors.</span></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><i><a href="https://safewolrd.blogspot.com/2020/01/occupational-health-management.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> [What is occupational health?]</a></i></o:p></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></b></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;">Occupational Diseases by target organ systems</span></b></span></h3>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Respiratory diseases/ Inhalation disorders<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Respiratory system is split into three areas</span></span></i></div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li><i style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Upper respiratory
tract or airways, including the mouth, nose, sinuses, throat and larynx</span></span></i></li>
<li><i style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Middle
respiratory tract, including the windpipe and bronchi</span></span></i></li>
<li><i style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lower
airways, including bronchioles and lung vesicles.</span></span></i></li>
</ol>
<br />
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Inhalation disorders are associated with inhaling
a chemical or biological substance that may be in the form of dust, smoke, fog,
gas or vapor or animal allergens, fungal spores and bacteria. When workers
breathe them in, they can damage the lungs and other parts of the respiratory
tract. In some cases, dangerous agents travel from the lungs to other parts of
the body and damage other organs.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Many people have a genetic predisposition to
allergic diseases. After exposure to chemical or biological agents, they are
more likely to develop conditions such as rhinitis and asthma. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Types of inhalation problems | Lung Diseases<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pneumoconiosis<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPPlHbcZ_9aLtlNo4x_z-yE2_jmA8X7kwK7hO1NKSrUeuKBoikRGZyRuu0e42IpPzc-vOWHBODBkY9qA_TNcaw-30-XoTY3NBjfiQS3k8sjzx6ov0gFK_SydlaFGudHpBqXHD227gCp-8/s1600/Pneumonocosis.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Occupational diseases - Pneumoconiosis" border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="500" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPPlHbcZ_9aLtlNo4x_z-yE2_jmA8X7kwK7hO1NKSrUeuKBoikRGZyRuu0e42IpPzc-vOWHBODBkY9qA_TNcaw-30-XoTY3NBjfiQS3k8sjzx6ov0gFK_SydlaFGudHpBqXHD227gCp-8/w320-h274/Pneumonocosis.jpg" title="Occupational diseases - Pneumoconiosis" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Occupational diseases - Pneumoconiosis</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pneumoconiosis includes a group of lung diseases
caused by the inhalation of insoluble dust, usually mineral dust, that the
lungs cannot eliminate. The most common diseases in this group are</span></span></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Silicosis,</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Juvenile
pneumoconiosis</span></span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Asbestosis.</span></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Silicosis:</span></b></span></h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4_hInFmXVwI8mbi8W4UOXTuL5oqTjMGpierwj_gmv38gjBF_NkW0O3zR9rZPKahn_1fPiH8DqQfJvz23k54G6G2bXV4J-IhNZR_LPMDexQtNzXnC2hUHHkzQgNDwYvgQAfW5_3veD_OQ/s1600/Silicosis.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Occupation disease - Silicosis" border="0" data-original-height="335" data-original-width="501" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4_hInFmXVwI8mbi8W4UOXTuL5oqTjMGpierwj_gmv38gjBF_NkW0O3zR9rZPKahn_1fPiH8DqQfJvz23k54G6G2bXV4J-IhNZR_LPMDexQtNzXnC2hUHHkzQgNDwYvgQAfW5_3veD_OQ/s320/Silicosis.jpg" title="Occupation disease - Silicosis" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Occupation disease - Silicosis</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">It is<b> </b>form of pneumoconiosis, a
"progressive" disease, worsens even after exposure stops, and is
characterized by increased respiratory difficulties, which sometimes result in
death. Allowable exposure limit for respirable crystalline silica is 50 µgm per
cubic meter of air</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> Inhalation of crystalline silica
dust (quartz). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Source of exposure:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> It is
common among people working in quarries, mines and sandblasting, as well as
among people who work in the ceramics industry and iron and steel foundries. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Preventive measures:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ensure adequate exhaust/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ventilation</a>, use frequent
water spray to reduce emission. Give frequent break, limit manual operation or
limit the manpower, ensure use of respirators at worksite.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Juvenile pneumoconiosis:</span></span></b></h3>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It is<b> </b>form of pneumoconiosis and
characterized by a mild cough and the production of black sputum. In some
people, this leads to progressive massive fibrosis, disability and death.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inhalation of coal dust. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Source of exposure:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> Coal
mine, coal transportation, coal handling<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Preventive measures: </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">ensure
use of dust mask, Shower after duty, decontaminate the clothing/ apron, remove
the dust safely from clothing, before eating and drinking wash face and hands
thoroughly, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>no <a href="https://www.hse.gov.uk/contact/faqs/smoking.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">smoking at work</a> area
without washing hand, report immediately about any symptoms of pneumoconiosis
to physician, carry out periodic medical check-up<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>& regular chest X-rays.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Asbestosis:</span></b></span></h3>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje_4Vq-sfMfWbnBhme3GRfCFA2u4zgBGVfJmWnLFnGfquvVyWrnZhl9YoZ68IHmmzk-gpDiwQe-z8G64pmp4f0k8DWriM1cYd5mgX4LtwrJvqTYmqmZG2R11l3YkvRXH7Grhyphenhyphens6_iz2Ow/s1600/Asbestosis.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Occupational diseases - Asbestosis" border="0" data-original-height="526" data-original-width="750" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje_4Vq-sfMfWbnBhme3GRfCFA2u4zgBGVfJmWnLFnGfquvVyWrnZhl9YoZ68IHmmzk-gpDiwQe-z8G64pmp4f0k8DWriM1cYd5mgX4LtwrJvqTYmqmZG2R11l3YkvRXH7Grhyphenhyphens6_iz2Ow/w320-h223/Asbestosis.jpg" title="Occupational diseases - Asbestosis" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Occupational diseases - Asbestosis</td></tr>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It is a form of pneumoconiosis which is
characterised by scarring and inflammation of the lung tissue. It is a chronic,
irreversible condition in which symptoms usually begin to develop several
decades after exposure to asbestos. These often progress to seriously affect
normal daily activity and can lead to several complications that can be fatal.
In general, it is recognized that large exposures to asbestos are necessary to
produce clinically significant asbestosis during an individual's life. It is
characterized by scarring or fibrosis of the lungs after prolonged exposure to
asbestos. Symptoms include shortness of breath, an unproductive cough and a
"bite": deformity of the fingers and fingers. It is usually
progressive, which invariably leads to death. It is also associated with
mesothelioma and lung cancer.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inhalation of asbestos fibers<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Source of exposure: </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Asbestos manufacturing
mill, asbestos handling, equipment manufacturing, insulation work, other
asbestos handlin<span style="background-color: white;">g wor<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">k.</span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Preventive measures:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Make sure the work area is isolated from the rest
facility.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Air conditioning should be turned off.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Apply a wetting agent to asbestos material to
minimize the release of fibers into the air.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cleaning should be done with damp mops, rags and
sponges. Do not allow the use of common vacuum cleaners. Asbestos fibers can
pass through the filter of common vacuum cleaners and reach the air. However,
HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) vacuum cleaners can be used. Make sure
all asbestos materials, disposable equipment and clothing are placed in sealed
and marked containers and disposed of properly.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Work-related Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)</span></span></b></h3>
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<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It
is a lung disease caused by narrow airways, which makes breathing difficult.
Other symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath and increased phlegm
production. Conditions in which the air flow in the lungs is gradually reduced
by damage to the lung tissue and respiratory tract.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a term used to describe a progressive
and irreversible limitation of air flow to the lungs. COPD includes two main
diseases: chronic bronchitis bron: a condition in which inflammation narrows
the airways in the lungs (bronchi) and causes chronic bronchial secretions; and
Emphysema: a permanent destructive bond<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Cause:</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 150%;">
</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>smoking, exposure to different types of
hazardous substances, occupational exposure to various dusts, fumes and vapors,
etc.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Source of exposure:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span>: <span style="line-height: 150%;">Dust, gases and fumes of
professional origin, air pollution in the environment.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Preventive measures:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Reduction
of total personal exposure to tobacco smoke, dust and workplace chemicals and
indoor and outdoor air pollutants.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Brief
treatment for tobacco dependence is effective</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Three
types of counseling are particularly effective: practical advice, social
support during treatment and social support organized outside of treatment</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Chronic
treatment with systemic glucocorticosteroids should be avoided due to an
unfavorable risk / benefit ratio.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">All
COPD patients benefit from physical training programs, improving both exercise
tolerance and symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Non-malignant pleural disease</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Non-malignant
pleural disease is a non-cancerous condition that affects the outer lining of
the lung (the pleura). It includes two forms of disease: diffuse pleural
thickening and less severe pleural plaques.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Other Respiratory Diseases</span></span></b></h3>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rhinitis Allergic<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Allergic Rhinitis is the inflammation of the cells
along the nose, is inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal airways
produced by an allergic reaction. When caused by plant pollen it is typically
referred to as hay fever, but it may be caused by a wide range of other
substances that can be present in workplaces. Often, these are substances that
can also lead to occupational asthma. Allergic rhinitis is often characterised
by common cold-like symptoms, but without a fever, congestion, itching and
sneezing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inhalation of plant pollen, grass pollen, dust
mites, animal dander, which is old skin, cat saliva, <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/allergies/mold-allergy-symptoms"><span style="text-decoration: none;">mold</span></a>,
etc<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Preventive measures:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">if you’re sensitive to tree pollen in the spring,
you may want to start taking antihistamines before an allergic reaction has the
chance to occur. Stay indoors during peak pollen hours, and take a shower
immediately after being outside. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Use <a href="https://www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/ppe.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">PPE</a> viz dust mask, other respirator.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Keep wet the floorto prevent dust emissions</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Fever due to inhalation</span></span></b></h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGIV_04jdlgwyUMn4RGFyL-hz49AG2Ptq7H3ObO9xMEATRcYU6wivyFBR5fcRGv5Tp8g8JHFPHr5vlGOIalOXNElOOPZK5coE6OT7MZdNKV1IizDQ363krJqVOn9cVcIIRMUYUAWmmlu0/s1600/occupational_diseases.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="Occupational illness - Fever due to inhalation" border="0" data-original-height="184" data-original-width="274" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGIV_04jdlgwyUMn4RGFyL-hz49AG2Ptq7H3ObO9xMEATRcYU6wivyFBR5fcRGv5Tp8g8JHFPHr5vlGOIalOXNElOOPZK5coE6OT7MZdNKV1IizDQ363krJqVOn9cVcIIRMUYUAWmmlu0/s320/occupational_diseases.jpg" title="Occupational illness - Fever due to inhalation" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Occupational illness - Fever due to inhalation</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Inhalation fever includes polymeric fever and
metallic fever. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Polymeric smoke fever</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It is inhalation fever and symptoms resemble the flu
and include fever, cough, and chest pain or tightness.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Smoke inhalation, which is emitted when
polytetrafluoroethylene is heated at high temperatures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Preventive measures: </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Use appropriate
PPEs as half cartridge mask, coverall, ensure adequate ventilation, etc<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Metallic smoke fever</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It is inhalation fever and the patient has
flu-like symptoms, such as fever, cough, and chest pain or tightness.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inhalation of smoke that contains certain
types of metal oxides, for example, zinc oxide and magnesium oxide, or by the
inhalation of smoke that occurs when heating or melting metals.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Source of exposure:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> Welding work,
workshop and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">foundry</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Preventive measures: </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Use
respirator protection, ensure adequate ventilation in welding area, Air blower
must be used in confined area, etc<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Bronchopulmonary Diseases</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> - <b>Byssinosis</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Byssinosis disease is associated with exposure to
cotton dust with both acute & long term effects. It is typically
characterised by asthma-like symptoms but can lead to irreversible reductions
in lung function because of narrowed airways and lung scarring. Symptoms
include difficulty breathing, cough and airway obstruction. Symptoms usually
appear on the first day of the work week and disappear on the following days.
If a worker is exposed to cotton cloth for a long time, his symptoms may become
chronic.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Inhalation
of Cotton dust<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Source of exposure:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> an
untreated cotton cloth, manual cotton handling, textile mill, etc <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Preventive measures:</span></b><span style="background: white; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Controlling
dust is the best way to prevent byssinosis, Use dust mask, ensure adequate ventilation
at indoor area.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Occupational illness - Irritation</span></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Occupational irritation may be to the eyes and airways
that exposed to gas or smoke based on its solubility. Very high or continuous
exposure to a hazardous substance may result in the involvement of the smallest
airways, causing inflammation and edema in the bronchiolar and can be fatal if
not treated. Certain irritants can also cause permanent lung damage, especially
if the exposure is very high or common. Others can make people susceptible to
conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or pneumonia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Inhalation
of various types of dust, gases and soluble vapours such as ammonia, chlorine sulfur
dioxide and insoluble gases, such as phosgene. Nitric acid, fluoride and ozone
can also cause a late reaction.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Preventive measures:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> Usually,
if someone is exposed to an irritant, they will move away from the source, limiting
any damage<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Occupational illness - Suffocation or Asphyxiation</span></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Simple suffocators are inert gases or vapors such
as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane, which displace oxygen from
the air in high concentrations. Chemical choking agents include carbon
monoxide, which is combined with haemoglobin to prevent the supply of oxygen to
cells, and hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide, which interrupt breathing at
the cellular level.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Deficiency
of oxygen <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Source of exposure:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> confined
spaces, Inert atmosphere, CO and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">HCN</a> atmosphere<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Preventive measures: </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Use
breathing apparatus, Ensure adequate ventilation, Ensure provision of air blowers
in confined space, monitor oxygen concentration frequently in confined spaces,
etc<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Occupational illness - Asthma</span></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Asthma is an
inflammation of the airways, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">a chronic condition characterized by periodic
inflammation of the bronchi and hardening of the surrounding muscles. Typical symptoms
include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathing problems.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Asthma can be divided into two categories:
occupational asthma and work-related asthma.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Occupational Asthma<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Severe asthma
attacks can lead to hospitalization and be fatal. Occupational asthma is
usually triggered in those who already suffer from it, but anyone can develop
it.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">During an asthma
attack, a person may experience wheezing, coughing, difficulty breathing, chest
tightness, rapid breathing, anxiety and panic, a pale, sweaty face, difficulty
speaking and blue lips or nails.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Deficiency of oxygen to
lungs due to exposure of chemicals such as isocyanates and acid anhydrides, as
well as biological materials such as flour powder and certain proteins and
allergens from laboratory animals such as the skin, urine, fur or saliva of
rats and mice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Source
of exposure:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Occupational
asthma is the result of prolonged exposure to respiratory sensitizers present
in the workplace or in the context of professional activities such as</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">spray paint, cleaning products or adhesives, etc. Isocyanates are
chemical substances that are often found in two-part paints, glues and
pesticides.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Preventive measures:</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The best way to prevent
occupational asthma is to eliminate the hazardous substance and replace it with
a less harmful one. But there are cases where it is impossible to eliminate a
danger. Exposure should be minimized through controls such as ventilation, work
rotation, proper handling procedures, proper maintenance and <a href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">PPE</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Work-related Asthma<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">People with asthma have chronic inflammation of
the bronchi (respiratory tract). As a result, the bronchial walls swell, which
causes the bronchi to shrink, which can cause difficulty breathing. The muscles
around the airways also become irritable, so they contract, causing a sudden
worsening of symptoms in response to various stimuli, including exposures found
at work. Inflammation can also cause the mucous glands of the bronchi to
produce excessive sputum that further blocks the already narrow air passages.
If the treatment does not control inflammation, while causing acute attacks, it
can lead to permanent narrowing and healing of the airways.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Causes:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> Exposure to irritant gas, fume
or vapours.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Source of exposure:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> Irritants
generally occur within hours of exposure to high levels in the workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Preventive
measures: </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">The
best way to prevent work-related asthma is to eliminate the dangerous substance
and replace it with a less harmful one. But there are cases in which it is
impossible to eliminate a danger. Exposure should be minimized through controls
such as ventilation, work rotation, proper handling procedures, good
maintenance and <a href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">PPE</a>.</span><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Occupational Extrinsic allergic alveolitis</span></span></b></h3>
<div>
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Occupational allergic Alveolitis is the infection
of the alveoli by an allergen. Symptoms usually begin a few hours after
exposure, with flu-like symptoms: fever, fatigue, and chills. As the disease
progresses, the patient suffers from breathing difficulties and develops a
cough. Persistent exposure can cause chronic symptoms and fibrosis of the
lungs. The "farmer's lung" is a type of extrinsic allergic alveolitis
and is caused by inhaling dust or traces of moldy hay, grain or straw.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> inhalation of organic dusts or
microbially contaminated aerosols<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Source of exposure:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> arising
from work agricultural activities creating dust or spores arising from mouldy
hay, grain or straw.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Preventive measures: </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Use dust
masks, half/ full mask respirator, ensure adequate ventilation, monitor the concentration
of organic dust, elimination of antigen exposure</span> antigen can be
identified, the most effective therapy is complete avoidance. Acute disease
remits without specific therapy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Chronic obstructive pulmonary</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> diseases
caused by the inhalation of coal dust, quarry dust, wood dust, grain dust and
agricultural work, dust in stables, textile dust and paper dust, resulting from
'' professional activities<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Occupational cancer</span></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cancer is abnormal growth of body cells. Cancer
can occur anywhere in the airways, from the nose to the lungs. Although the
main cause of lung cancer and other forms of respiratory cancer are the
hazardous substances present in some workplaces, they can also cause cancer,
for example, crystalline silica, diesel exhaust particles and radon<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Asbestos exposure can cause lung or mesothelioma
cancer, cancer of the lining of the lungs or intestine. Relatively low levels or
short-term exposure to asbestos can cause both types of cancer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Causes:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> ageing, exposure to radiation,
chemicals and other substances at work and in the environment, family history
of cancer, and many behaviours and lifestyle factors such as tobacco smoking,
poor diet, lack of physical activities and being overweight. If employees are
exposed to asbestos and also smoke, they have a much higher risk of developing
lung cancer than those who are exposed or only smoke asbestos.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Source of exposure:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> People
who are generally exposed to asbestos in plumbing work, carpentry work and
other work in the construction and maintenance of buildings. People exposed to
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as coca workers, have an increased risk
of lung cancer. Other lung carcinogens are arsenic.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Mesothelioma | Asbestos Cancer to Respiratory
system</span></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mesothelioma is a form of cancer that takes
several years to develop after inhaling asbestos fibers, but which is usually
fatal after the onset of symptoms. It mainly affects the pleura (the outer
lining of the lungs) and the peritoneum (the lining of the lower digestive
tract). Many cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage because the symptoms are
generally non-specific and appear late in the development of the disease. It is
almost always fatal and often within twelve months of the onset of symptoms.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Occupational Skin diseases </span></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7tMRGiIuZLGJnVPcGScCGCJZD0yk_MbKVNyaZFVo1PqmES_qknxc1rp6aLBoNlZW4yNWRhqe8sRCWpc417oBnyPPUOUIk3jW5H7y6vDizXIrd-JF4loaeuShpcN7F4MoGNw5HV1_6RKY/s1600/Occupational-skin-disease.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="occupational-skin-disease" border="0" data-original-height="261" data-original-width="350" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7tMRGiIuZLGJnVPcGScCGCJZD0yk_MbKVNyaZFVo1PqmES_qknxc1rp6aLBoNlZW4yNWRhqe8sRCWpc417oBnyPPUOUIk3jW5H7y6vDizXIrd-JF4loaeuShpcN7F4MoGNw5HV1_6RKY/s320/Occupational-skin-disease.jpg" title="occupational-skin-disease" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">occupational-skin-disease</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Skin diseases caused by exposure to allergens or
irritants Occupations with the highest rates are florists, beauticians, chefs,
hairdressers and barbers, and certain occupations related to manufacturing and
health care. Other conditions reported in EPIDERM include contact urticaria,
folliculitis, acne, infectious and mechanical skin diseases and skin cancer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Work-related skin diseases include any skin
disorder caused or aggravated by work or professional activity.
"Professional" skin conditions are generally reserved for cases
caused directly by work.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The severity of professional skin disease can vary
widely, from severe cases of dermatitis to mild skin irritations, which the
individual may not recognize as an adverse health effect.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The term "occupational" skin disease is
generally reserved for cases that are directly caused by work.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Allergic contact dermatoses</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> Contact
with soaps and cleaning products and working with wet hands are still the most
common causes of occupational dermatitis. Other common causative agents are
"chemicals and rubber materials", "personal protective
equipment" (including latex gloves), "preservatives",
"bleaches and sterilizers" and "nickel".<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dermatitis is the inflammation of the upper layer
of the skin. Dermatitis causes the skin to break out in rashes that burn or
itch. The skin can become inflamed, itchy, blisters, cracks and dryness.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Occupational dermatitis most often affects the
hands and forearms. Indeed, the substances that cause dermatitis generally come
into contact with these areas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">soaps, detergents, cleaning chemicals, and flour. Frequent sashing of hands
can also cause contact dermatitis. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Irritant contact dermatoses</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> caused
by other recognized irritant agents occurring from work activities.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Cause:</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> contact with </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">irritants
include soil, meat, fish, poultry, citrus fruits, dough, spices, herbs,
and sugar.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Preventive measure</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">: Gloves can reduce exposure and prevent dermatitis. However, some
people are sensitive to latex and rubber and may need cotton or hypoallergenic
gloves. To reduce exposure, job rotation may be the best option.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Musculoskeletal
disorder is a muscle and joint problem that affects the ability to work and
live well. It includes, for example, various types of stress, sprains and
excessive use. back problems, slipping discs and work-related problems in the
upper limbs. Other symptoms vary depending on the person, such as pain,
numbness, stiffness, swelling, and tingling.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">They can be episodic
or chronic and can also be the result of injuries during a work accident.
Moreover, they can develop from mild to severe disorders. These disorders are
rarely life threatening, but affect the quality of life of a large proportion
of the adult population. Work-related disorders can develop in a work
environment due to the physical tasks with which people perform their normal
work activities.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">WRMSDs are
associated with working models that include:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fixed or limited
body positions</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Continuous
repetition of movements.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Strength
concentrated in small parts of the body, such as the hand or wrist.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A work pace that
allows insufficient recovery between movements. In addition, psychosocial
factors in the workplace, such as organizational culture, health and safety
climate and human factors, can create the conditions for WRMSD to occur.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Patients who present
WRMSD to their GP suggest that most suffer from back pain or hand, wrist or arm
problems. This may be due to repetitive movements and probably reflects what is
suggested in the Labor Force Survey.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">Here are the types
of musculoskeletal disorders.</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Radial styloid tenosynovitis</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> related to
repetitive movements, vigorous actions and severe postures of the wrist. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Olecranon bursitis</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> related
to protracted pressure on elbow region.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Prepatellar bursitis</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> related
to extended stay in kneeling posture.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Epicondylitis </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">related to repetitive strong
work.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Meniscus lesions</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> subsequent prolonged periods
of work on knee or squat posture. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Carpal tunnel syndrome</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;"> related
to prolonged periods of repetitive vigorous work, vibration work, severe positions
of the wrist, etc <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Hand arm vibration:
</span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Exposure to vibration
due to power tools may cause Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS). Hand-Arm
Vibration Syndrome consist of two components: Vibration White Finger and
sensorineural effects.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Causes: </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">The causes of common musculoskeletal problems are:</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Lifting heavy or awkward loads.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Repetitive activities such as packing and
stacking.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sitting in awkward positions for prolonged
periods.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Preventive
measures: </span></b><span style="line-height: 150%;">Numerous
health and safety practices reduce the risk of Musculoskeletal disorder. Consider
the assistance of mechanical aid or another person. If the job involves manual
lifting, reduce weight where possible and distribute it evenly while carrying.
Break repetitive tasks performing repetitive tasks. Change keyboard monitor or
mouse layout to resolve the problems of wrists and neck pain. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Changes in chair or desk can be considered to
accommodate height. Avoid positioning of yourself uncomfortably as this places
strain on your body.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Mental and behavioural disorders</span></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Stress is harmful reaction that people have pressures
and requirements placed on them at work. Stress at work is psychosocial factors
and is related with common conditions such as heart disease, anxiety, depression
and may associated with musculoskeletal disorders.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Other
mental or behavioral disorders can be determined scientifically or by methods
appropriate to national circumstances and practices, between exposure to risk
factors resulting from professional activities and mental and behavioral
disorders developed through work.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Work-related
stress and mental health problems are responses to significant levels of
pressure and long-term demand in the workplace, especially when this demand
exceeds its capacity. It compromises your ability to cope and causes a
deterioration in your mental state. Chronic stress influences work and health
in general and can lead to depression.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Chronic
work-related stress causes physical and mental disorders, such as skin
problems, chest pain, headache, nausea or dizziness, panic attacks, difficulty
concentrating, high blood pressure, frequent colds, fatigue, apathy Forgetting
to become too emotional, aggressive / negative, refuses to listen to advice /
requests. and withdraws</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Unlike
other diseases, the causes of work stress are more abstract and are not limited
to one or two specific professions. Work stress is caused by too many or too
few demands, lack of control, lack of support, bad relationships, their role. ,
organizational changes at work, violence and insecurity of roles, that is,
uncertainty about work / insecurity about what to do.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Preventive
measure</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Take short breaks
during the day.</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Use holiday pay.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ensure a clear
separation between home and work.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Determine habits at
the end of the day, such as making a list of things you can do tomorrow.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ask for help.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Improved time
management skills.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Create a general
culture of effective stress response prevention without incurring secondary
costs due to the side effects of medication, medication costs, lost work days
and with clear benefits in terms of work efficiency and balance between work
and life. Moreover, these interventions do not generate a stigmatizing response
in the entire system, because "they are not psychiatric," even if they
are deeply rooted in life and psychological balance.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Stress measurement
can be performed using the stress measurement instrument and therefore an
action plan for reduction can be developed. There are other tools to prevent
the stress level of employees. Yoga and light exercises. <a href="https://www.jdthoughts.com/2020/05/yoga-science-relation-with-meditation.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Yoga</a> focuses on
empowerment and self-efficacy, works at body level to influence the mind-body
system and promotes a central role for employees in the search for health and
balance in daily life.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">There is sufficient
evidence to support the hypothesis that the introduction of large-scale yoga in
the workplace and meditation will benefit both employees and the performance of
teams and organizations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Some people are not
in favor of yoga because of their perception that it is not practical, philosophical,
esoteric, religious, and at least as something related to personal life and
personal choices.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">To overcome these
prejudices, yoga teachers must develop the skills to introduce yoga and give
yoga classes in profan language, with scientific evidence of the benefits of
yoga. </span><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Note: Some time mental stress may due to STDs or STIs which most of the peoples are don't comfortable to share with their partners, most of the symptoms of STD are not visible, to learn more and to test confidentially, you can find detail information in below link.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">Occupational Diseases Noise</span></span></b></h3>
<div>
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Noise is defined as "unwanted sounds,"
while sound is a term used to describe the sensation the brain receives when
the ear detects changes in air pressure. The higher the noise level and the
more people are exposed to it, the greater the risk of damage.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The effects can cause temporary or permanent
hearing damage and affect the effectiveness of employees. People with hearing
problems, whether due to their age or illness, can make their problems worse by
being exposed to higher noise levels at work. It can also cause accidents due
to limited voice communication, misunderstandings about verbal instructions and
masking sounds of imminent danger or warnings.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Main sources of noise at work<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Use of heavy machinery</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Vehicle movement in workplace</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Use of power tools such as circular saws and
cutting heads.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Production lines</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Use of pneumatic tools such as drills, grinders
and staplers</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Use of electric motors and generators</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Engineering processes such as metal production.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Factory facilities where ventilation equipment
must operate continuously.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dangerous noise levels<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Noise levels above 75-80 dB (A) cause hearing
damage.Noise level of 85 dB (A) may take eight hours to damage hearing, while
noise of 100 dB (A) can damage the hair cells in the ear after 30 minutes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Symptoms of hearing loss<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ringing in the ears</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Inability to hear soft and high pitched sounds</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Speech and other sound damping</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Difficulty understanding conversations from a
distance or in a crowd</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Difficult to determine from which direction the
sound comes</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Feel tired or stressed regularly because you have
to concentrate while listening</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Inappropriate responses or responses in conversations</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Read lips or see people's faces with more
attention during conversations</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Feel nervous about listening and understanding
others.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It takes ten years from the moment someone
realizes they have a hearing loss before doing something.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Effects of noise on health</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Health effects can be caused by a single exposure
to very loud noise or by exposure to <a href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/noisehearingconservation/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">high noise levels </a>over a longer period.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The effects of noise on hearing depend on:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sound intensity or pressure</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Frequency or tone</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Exposure time</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Distance to the source</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Individual sensitivity</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Other factors (lifestyle, age, illness, genetics,
etc.).</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Tinnitus (ringing in the ears) is the first sign
of hearing damage. Extreme exposure to noise surges the risk of tinnitus. If
the sound is impulsive, the risk can increase considerably. Tinnitus can be a
very painful condition and can lead to sleep disorders and unclear speech.
There is no effective cure for this condition, but there is treatment to
relieve the symptoms. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The permanent threshold change occurs when people
are regularly exposed to high noise levels for a long time. It also occurs with
repeated exposure to noise without sufficient time between exposures to allow
normal hearing recovery, resulting in permanent hearing damage. Hearing loss
can have a significant impact on a person's personal and professional life. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Effect on pregnancy<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Exposing pregnant workers to high noise levels can
affect the fetus. Research suggests that the long-term exposure of the fetus to
high noise levels during pregnancy may have an effect on the child's subsequent
hearing and that low frequencies have a greater potential to cause damage.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Physiological effects<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Noise can affect the cardiovascular system, causing
an increase in blood pressure and the release of catecholamines in the blood.
An increase in the level of catecholamines in the blood is associated with
stress.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Professional stress<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Work stress rarely has a single cause and often
results from the interaction of several risk factors. Persistent noise in the
work environment can be stressful, even at low levels.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Other effects<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Excessive noise levels may increase the risk of
unwanted events or incidents by:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Distract employees, such as drivers</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Make it difficult for employees to hear and
understand instructions correctly</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mask imminent danger noise and warning signs</span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Contribute to irritation and discomfort that can
lead to human errors.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">An individual's performance on tasks that require
constant attention (critical safety tasks) can be affected by noise, as it can
distract them, resulting in poor judgment and decision-making processes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"> </span></o:p></span></h2>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Noise-Induced Hearing Loss</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8eoP-yuDj2x2a0zRFcxZbdiuG9-gk2yX6Y23r7HuFni6UlpSw_xzvAZofDct75ZY2Zub2Pfp8o9IRgbddUUfO_3RuQdytfwerDeWvKCnBMjDWE_ICvBAFpv1s4oo2Brg4Fp4MI4rnOLY/s1600/occupation-health-diseases-noise.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="occupation-health-diseases-noise" border="0" data-original-height="468" data-original-width="699" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8eoP-yuDj2x2a0zRFcxZbdiuG9-gk2yX6Y23r7HuFni6UlpSw_xzvAZofDct75ZY2Zub2Pfp8o9IRgbddUUfO_3RuQdytfwerDeWvKCnBMjDWE_ICvBAFpv1s4oo2Brg4Fp4MI4rnOLY/s320/occupation-health-diseases-noise.jpg" title="occupation-health-diseases-noise" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Occupation-health-diseases-noise</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Hearing loss (NIHL) caused by sound is
permanent and irreversible. A person with hearing loss caused by noise may have
trouble hearing people speak three meters away, feel "full" in the
ears after leaving a noisy area or suffer from tinnitus: continuous or
intermittent calls or ringing that vary in volume.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Cause:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> If a sound exceeds 85 decibels,
prolonged exposure will cause permanent hearing loss. Working in an environment
where noise approximately 95 decibels without adequate safety measures or
without the use of PPE, can cause NIHL.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span lang="EN-US">Preventive
measures:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> W<strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">ear PPE</span></strong><strong> </strong>such as earmuffs, install
noise control devices, follow the work methods.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><i style="color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Times New Roman"; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 28px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">You may find affiliate links in this article. This means that if you click on a link and purchase any of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, <b style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">at no additional cost to you</b>, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions or reviews. Everything we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i></span></span></div>
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<h3>
<b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Conclusion</span></b></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">Occupational ill-health is </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">a chronic disease caused by repeated exposure to work hazard during
performing routine work activities.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> It has m</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">ultiple causes including work environment together with other risk
factors.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">
Occupation diseases may be occurring individually or among a group of exposed people
and </span><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%;">develops over time. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prevention is
only option to treat with occupational diseases. Improvement in ergonomic work environment
and changes in lifestyle may help to prevent occupational illness. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia, times new roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #274e13; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #274e13; line-height: 150%;"><b><i>
</i></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #274e13; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #274e13; line-height: 150%;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #274e13; line-height: 150%;"><b><i>Related Article</i></b></span></span><br /><br />
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<a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/01/occupational-health-management.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Occupational Health Management in workplace</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">You may find affiliate
links in this article. This means that if you click on a link and purchase any
of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at no additional
cost to you, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions or reviews. Everything
we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews
are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-21098694408386112022023-02-04T18:31:00.000+01:002023-02-04T18:31:11.898+01:00What is ecosystem? Types of ecosystem and UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration<p style="text-align: center;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOf8y22zlfSXEMFeKB3tr46WkK0ceSzFM2-A9qd12hrBfDRQqAq7FdLsi3B8B-QvIXadGginOn2Y1xuCtxz-UC0pwd59av4_BWYg-GLqPE9YoDMfIIHrCyt8TEX3oRjeHpLmcSUO6No4s/s900/ecosystem-restoration-types-conservation-UN-Decade.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="What is ecosystem? Types of ecosystem and UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration" border="0" data-original-height="402" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOf8y22zlfSXEMFeKB3tr46WkK0ceSzFM2-A9qd12hrBfDRQqAq7FdLsi3B8B-QvIXadGginOn2Y1xuCtxz-UC0pwd59av4_BWYg-GLqPE9YoDMfIIHrCyt8TEX3oRjeHpLmcSUO6No4s/s16000/ecosystem-restoration-types-conservation-UN-Decade.jpg" title="What is ecosystem? Types of ecosystem and UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">What is ecosystem? Types, degradation issues, conservation and UN Decade ecosystem restoration</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">What is ecosystem? Types of ecosystem and UN Decade on
Ecosystem Restoration</span></b></h2><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Here you will get the answer of <b><i>What
is the ecosystem?</i></b> What are the <b><i>types of ecosystem</i></b>, What is the <b><i>structure
of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ecosystem</a></i></b>, What is <b><i>the pyramid of the ecosystem</i></b>? What
are the <b><i>components of the ecosystem?</i></b> What are the parts of the <b><i>biotic
and abiotic ecosystem</i></b>, what is the food chain? What is the terrestrial
ecosystem and the marine ecosystem, <b><i>what is ecosystem restoration</i></b>, what
are the problems of ecosystem degradation and What is the <b><i>United Nations Decade for
ecosystem restoration?</i></b> and much more.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> <script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script></span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">What is Ecosystem?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Ecosystem is the interrelation and interaction of
living species with their non-living environment in a specified habitat. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">What are the types of Ecosystem?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">The ecosystem is mainly of two
types</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">1. Terrestrial ecosystem i.e. life
on land</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">2. Aquatic ecosystem i.e. life
in water<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Terrestrial Ecosystem:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Based on geological areas /
environment, the terrestrial ecosystem is again divided into different categories.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Forest ecosystem</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Grassland ecosystem</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Tundra ecosystem</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; vertical-align: baseline;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Desert ecosystem</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">Aquatic Ecosystem:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">The aquatic ecosystem is again
divided into different categories based on geological areas / environment.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">a. Fresh water ecosystem</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">b. Marine water ecosystem</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10.2pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">What is structure of ecosystem?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">Ecosystem structure is a
description of the prevailing climatic conditions, physical characteristics of
the environment, types of species, their interrelationships and their
interaction through the organization of biotic and abiotic components in a
particular habitat.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10.2pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">What are the components of
ecosystem structure?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">The structure of an ecosystem
is divided into two components, but they are interrelated and interacted with
each other’s.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">1. Biotic</span></b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">: This component of ecosystem is referring to all living organism
and again subdivided into three categories as Producer (Autotrophs), Consumer
(Heterotrophs) and Decomposers (Saprotrophs)</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">a. Autotrophs or Producer</span></b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">: It includes primary producer such as plants as they produce
their food through photosynthesis by utilizing direct energy from sun.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">b. Heterotrophs or Consumer</span></b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">: It includes organisms who are depends on other organism for food
and further categories into four classes</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">b-1. Primary consumer:
Herbivores that depends on plants for energy/food</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">b-2. Secondary consumer:
Carnivore or omnivore depends on plants or other organism for energy/food</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">b-3. Tertiary consumer:
Carnivore or omnivore but depends on secondary consumers for food</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">b-4. Quaternary consumer: They
are depends on tertiary consumers and at top of the food chain as they have no
natural predators.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">c. Decomposers or Saprotrophs</span></b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">: It includes microorganism such as bacteria and fungi.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">2. Abiotic</span></b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">: This component is referring to non-living part of ecosystem such
as atmosphere which includes soil, air, water, soil, minerals, sunlight,
temperature, nutrient, magnetism, wind, climate, rain, heat, altitude,
turbidity, snow, etc.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10.2pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">What is food chain?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">It is a circular flow of energy
from producer to consumers, from consumer to decomposers and then from
decomposers to primary consumers to continue the cycle.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10.2pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">What is ecological pyramid?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; padding: 0in;">It is a graphical
representation of energy, biomass, and producer-to-consumer numbers for a specific
ecosystem. Pyramids are shapes keeping the producers at the base followed by
the primary and secondary consumers and the tertiary consumers or sometimes the
quaternary consumers are represented at the top.</span><span face=""Open Sans", sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.2pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 10.2pt; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Open Sans"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">What is Ecological Restoration?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Ecological
restoration</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> is a process of assisting in the restoration of
ecosystems that have been damaged / degraded or destroyed.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Ecosystem
restoration</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> is a process of reversing ecosystem degradation
to regain its ecological functionality. To understand it better, we can say
that ecosystem restoration is an effort by human beings to improve the
productivity and capacity of the ecosystem to also meet the needs of society
and nature. This can be done by planting trees, preventing pollution,
preserving and protecting the environment, allowing natural regeneration of
overexploited ecosystems, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Restoring
ecosystems</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> is essential to achieve sustainable development
goals, primarily those related to climate change, biodiversity conservation,
food security, poverty eradication and water supply.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">What are the problems of ecosystem degradation?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The
UN has identified some key issues related to <b><i>ecosystem degradation</i></b>,
such as terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Degradation of ecosystems harms the
well-being of 3.2 billion people and costs about 10% of gross global product annually
in loss of species and ecosystem services.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It
has been observed that key ecosystems that provide many essential services for
food and agriculture, including the supply of fresh water and the provision of
habitats for species such as fish and pollinators, are rapidly declining.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Some
ecosystem degradation problems, such as erosion, depletion and pollution, are
linked to fertility losses, which are responsible for the decrease of about 20%
of the planet's vegetated area, which shows low productivity trends in all
parts of the planet/ the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It
is predicted that by 2050, ecosystem degradation and climate change could
reduce crop yields by 10% globally and up to 50% in some regions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The
study reveals that more than 2 billion hectares of deforested land and degraded
landscapes around the world have restoration potential and if we restore at
least 350 million hectares of degraded land by 2030, this could generate 9
trillions of dollars in ecosystem services and take an additional amount of
13-26 gig tons of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">What is UN Decade for Ecosystem Restoration?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">For
the year 2021-2030, the United Nations Decade for Ecosystem Restoration was
conceived as a way to highlight the need for much greater global cooperation to
restore degraded and destroyed ecosystems, contributing to efforts to combat
against climate change and safeguarding biodiversity, food security and fresh
water supply.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Restoration
could remove up to 26 gigatonnes of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and
the Decade will accelerate existing goals of restoring 350 million hectares of
degraded ecosystems by 2030.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Currently,
around 57 countries, subnational governments and private organizations have
pledged to restore more than 170 million hectares of degraded land.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Summary:</span></b></h3><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Hope you got all the answers of <b><i>what
is the ecosystem?</i></b> What are the <b><i>types of ecosystem</i></b>, what is the <b><i>structure
of the ecosystem</i></b>, What is <b><i>the pyramid of the ecosystem</i></b>? What
are the <b><i>components of the ecosystem?</i></b> What is the <b><i>food chain?</i></b> W<b><i>hat
is ecosystem restoration</i></b>, what are the <b><i>problems of ecosystem degradation</i></b>
and what the <b>UN Decade for ecosystem
restoration</b> is<b><i>.</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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</script></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><b><i>You May Like</i></b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><a href="https://www.jdthoughts.com/2021/05/popular-environment-slogans-quotes.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Best Slogans and Quotes on Ecosystem Restoration</a> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2021/05/what-is-ecosystem-types-restoration-un-decade.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">What is Ecosystem and UN decade on ecosystem restoration</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2021/05/best-ecosystem-restoration-slogans.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">World Environment Day slogans</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2021/05/world-environment-day-5-june-theme-celebration.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">World Environment Day celebrating ideas</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"> <a href="https://safetyquiz.safeworldhse.com/2020/07/environment-quiz-on-ecosystem.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Quiz on Ecosystem Restoration.</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/05/biodiversity-quiz-multiple-choice-question-answers.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Quiz on Biodiversity.</a></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-86978059491027795492023-02-04T18:30:00.000+01:002023-02-04T18:30:26.291+01:00Barriers to Positive Safety Culture | Workplace Safety HSE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Barriers to
Positive Safety Culture | Workplace Safety</span></span></b></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The safety culture
of an organization depends on how each person thinks and feels about health and
safety and how it translates into their behaviour.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">It is the result
of the mentality, beliefs, skills, perceptions and patterns of behaviour shared
in the organization that determines management's commitment to health and
safety management.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">An organization
can have a positive or negative safety culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div><div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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<h3>
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">What is meant by a
positive safety culture?</span></b></h3>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">An organization
with a positive safety culture can be said, where most workers think and feel
that health and safety is important, and all of them work and behave safely
because they understand the importance of safety.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">There is a robust
policy and clear leadership from management and it goes through the whole
organization from top to bottom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Managers reflect
on the health and safety implications of their decisions and workers share the
same opinion and work safely.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">People who do not
behave safely are a minority and are likely to leave because they do not feel
in their place or risk being dismissed for working in a dangerous way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<h3>
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Barriers to a
Positive Safety Culture</span></b></h3>
</div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">There are many barriers
to developing a positive safety culture in the workplace:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Barriers to a
Positive Safety Culture – Complexity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Solving specific
health and safety issues can be complex in the workplace, as it involves the
coordination of many people who carry out several different activities at the
same time and requires in-depth knowledge and experience of the possible risks
and consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Barriers to a
Positive Safety Culture - Conflict requests<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Conflicts of
interest between the objectives of the operation to obtain profits and, at the
same time, guarantee the health and safety of people by respecting different
types of standards / laws, as well as the law of protection of the 'environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Barriers to a
Positive Safety Culture - Behavioural problems<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Sometimes people do not behave ideally and to
maintain the level of health and safety, the worker must perform his work
ideally. Sometimes they deliberately do something wrong and, therefore, health
and safety standards are affected by the behaviour of workers.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Simple things like
slips, trips and falls are the most common types of workplace injuries. These
incidents often occur due to the lack of adequate safety measures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Many barriers in
the workplace arise from easily avoidable situations, often because people do
not take their jobs seriously. Peoples using shortcut to show their work performance
to their supervisors by compromising safety.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">One of the biggest
barriers to workplace safety is dealing with lethargic associates or employees.
Workers often do not take their responsibilities seriously, so they take
shortcuts that lead to accidents, injuries or safety risks. Taking shortcuts
when working near dangerous machinery or deadly chemicals is irresponsible and
can quickly result in a safety hazard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Barriers to a
Positive Safety Culture - </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ineffective safety communication & Lack of knowledge<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Organizations
develop their HSE rules, regulations, procedures and working practices as part
of the company's Safety Management System. Most organizations do not implement
their safety management system due to the lack of safety communication. Unless
these safety systems do not communicate well with workers, work activities
cannot be performed safely and have therefore resulted in injury. If workers do
not know the safe work method, they cannot do the work safely. Eg. Several
times peoples not laying down the portable/ temporary cables properly and thus
creating trip hazard. OSHA requires that extension cords be used only
temporarily and when used for weeks or months they are not considered
temporary. Extension cords may also be subject to traffic abuse if they are
crushed by vehicles or get damaged by mechanical impact or feet, which can damage
the insulation and create a risk of electric shock. Similarly, while floor
cleaning work, cleaners may not put caution boards and try to finish the work
quickly by ignoring the slip hazard. All above information must be communicated
to workers so that their competency can be enhanced to develop positive safety
culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Barriers to a
Positive Safety Culture – Substandard past experience:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The experience can
create a positive or negative state of mind. People compare things with their
past experience and try to adopt the simplest way of doing their work. People's
past experience affects their minds, if they have good experience and have done
their assigned work safely, then in the new job, they adopt the same methods
and do any job safely. But if they haven't worked safely in the past due to a
lack of a good safety culture in business, they also want to bring the same
culture to this new business. Sometime overconfidence may prohibit workers from
taking additional safety precautions, which may cause an accident. It is good
to be confident, but when it comes to safety in the workplace, it is also good
to be too cautious, prepared and informed about safety in the workplace. Always
consider what could happen. Negligence can lead to incorrect procedures,
methods or tools. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Barriers to a
Positive Safety Culture – Lack of leadership and commitments<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Invisible
leadership from management, not demonstrating management's commitment to health
and safety means that management is seriously discussing the issue of safety in
the conference room but does not demonstrate the reality on the ground. This is
the biggest obstacle to improving an organization's safety culture. Lower
priority to health and safety than other business issues, frequent changes in
organization or poorly communicated changes make uncertainty. When a leader in
the workplace sets the standard for maintaining a good clean, it sets the bar
and sets a good example for everyone. Poor maintenance or lack of maintenance
can lead to blocked emergency exits and corridors, which would be very
problematic in an emergency and this becomes one of the barriers to develop
positive safety culture in workplace. Having a good cleaning in the workplace
is a good habit to maintain, which will encourage workers to follow OSHA
standards. Naturally, we feel more motivated when we work in a well-maintained
environment and a poorly maintained area presents safety risks. Laying products
in layers on racks that do not leave enough space between the product and a
fire extinguisher is a safety violation and should never occur. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Barriers to a
Positive Safety Culture – ineffective safety incident reporting system</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">All unwanted
incidents must be reported to properly investigate in order to find out the
root causes of the failure and decide the corrective actions. This is necessary
to avoid recurrences. But if there is no robust system for reporting incidences,
including near misses, workers do not report it and hazards cannot be dealt
with or can remain hidden, which can lead to a serious accident. Leaks that are
not fixed properly and standing water that is not cleaned can cause slips and
falls, which cannot only cause serious injury, but also lead to legal action
for a business if the victim decides to continue and this becomes one of the
barriers to develop positive safety culture in workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Before leaving the
work, area ensure housekeeping, good cleaning practice is to clean and check
everything. Do not wait for a sanitation team or other colleague to clean it
for you. Cleaning/ housekeeping is one of the parts of permit to work system,
and unless and until you do not clean the work area before leave, permit must
not be closed by issuing authority. This little practice can prevent injuries
and deaths in the workplace. If a congestion or spill requires specialized
training to clean up, employees should know how to notify their supervisor
immediately. Lack of 5 S workplace management system may become one of the
barriers to develop positive safety culture in workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Barriers to a
Positive Safety Culture – Lack of participation and consultation of workers</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Risk assessment
and the decision to control hazards are very important processes in any
organization to do the job safely. But if workers do not participate and are
not even communicated, they may not know what safety measures they should take
while carrying out the work. Some organizations do not consult their workers
during the decision-making process, which can lead to ergonomic problems in the
workplace. By having all the desired information before starting a task and
asking questions that are not clear, the task is likely to be completed
correctly the first time, which will decreases chances of causing a major
incidents. Careless in starting a task in workplace without having adequate
information about risk and controls may endanger to all workmen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Barriers to a
Positive Safety Culture – Workers with poor health and safety education</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The lack of
organization of training, awareness and skills development modules in the
organization cannot implement a positive safety culture. If people are not
aware of safety procedures, work instructions, etc., they can ignore safety procedures,
and this is one of the most dangerous things that can lead to serious accidents.
Instead of not understanding the procedures, or having a safety risk due to an
accident, total negligence is a definite danger to workers and their
colleagues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Oftentimes, people
just don't realize how dangerous it is to ignore safety rules. Generally, job
supervisor is conducting daily toolbox talk in morning before start of any
work. But sometime some workman not taking the things seriously and also
influencing other to breach the safety rule, disciplinary action should be
taken against such workmen. All supervisors must explain the importance of
safety procedures to all workers in workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">One of the biggest
barriers to workplace safety is being mentally distracted by something.
Sometimes external associated/ social influence can negatively affect the
workers feeling at work. Workers cannot let the distractions of their personal
lives affect their performance at work. A troubled mind can be dangerous at
work. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Unplanned job, lack
of communication, ignorance in risk assessment and failure to prepare for
projects and tasks can result in danger. Job safety analysis is an effective
method for discovering the best way to work safely and efficiently. Sometime
JSA prepared by only supervisors with involving workers and even nor
communicating to involved peoples may cause serious incidents. There are good
and bad ways to do everything in the workplace. The right forms guarantee
safety and prudence. Do not prepare for failure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">There are many
barriers to workplace safety. Lethargy in health and safety is unacceptable and
lethargic workers may become a hazard to others. Do not be a threat to the
people around you and encourage those around you to follow their example by
being aware of everything.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Techniques for
developing a positive safety culture in the workplace.</span></b></h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: center;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKMQg0LwUbQsOoRhbbnh7OeDLbIGu-uEjPeJ2T9pf2a6uYj4hTuMLmvOYRloCImVAv7QzguBZoKM3WwZfR_AvfnL6UtMDF7hec2xGUfg4oB4pH7kcEhe1OxkYftVlUFLf3vSar6aoHD-I/s1600/Concept-Safety-Culture.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Concept of positive safety culture in workplace" border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="701" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKMQg0LwUbQsOoRhbbnh7OeDLbIGu-uEjPeJ2T9pf2a6uYj4hTuMLmvOYRloCImVAv7QzguBZoKM3WwZfR_AvfnL6UtMDF7hec2xGUfg4oB4pH7kcEhe1OxkYftVlUFLf3vSar6aoHD-I/s640/Concept-Safety-Culture.png" title="Concept of safety positive culture" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Concept of positive safety culture in workplace</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">We have already
discussed the true meaning of the culture of positive safety and it is the
result of the mentality, beliefs, skills, perceptions and patterns of behaviour
shared in the organization that determines the commitment of the leadership
towards health and safety management. By ensuring below things, we can develop
a positive safety culture in workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Empowerment</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Participation and
consultation: involving people / workers in HIRA, JSA, QCG, etc.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Visible leadership
and clear management commitment: involve senior management in workshop safety
communication.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Improve training,
skills and knowledge: adequate training at the right time, for example, HSE
initiation, emergency response plan, etc.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Communication of safety
information.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Talk about the
toolbox daily before starting any work</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The image / poster
/ visual aid is the best way to communicate the desired message because there
are no language barriers.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety signs must
be posted in conspicuous places to warn or alert workers.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">E-mail /
newsletter in local languages, bulletin board display, etc.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Hold periodic
meetings to share HSE information</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Organize the
training with video aids</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Organized weekly /
monthly motivation programs to reward with small tokens and communicate the
desired messages.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Perform routine
inspections and advice on safe work procedures on site.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Share incident /
accident case studies</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Develop worker
manual and distribute it during HSE induction</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Appropriate
disciplinary measures such as the implementation of the disciplinary procedure,
drug policy, travel policy, etc.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Organize a
motivation program</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Techniques to
change employee's safety behaviour</span></b></h3>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The behaviour of
each worker is of crucial importance for the management of the health and
safety of any organization. If a worker behaves in an ideal and safe way, but
not in another, and this dangerous behaviour can endanger himself and others.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">It is a fact that
most accidents at work are caused by dangerous acts, that is, the dangerous behaviour
of a worker. We cannot blame the worker and conclude as negligence, but we must
identify the underlying causes, take corrective action and try to understand
how "human factors" influence work practices.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">There are three
main important factors that influence the safety behavior of a worker:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Individual factor:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Linked to personal
characteristics (attitude, competence, motivation, perception, etc.).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Attitude, that is,
the point of view or the way of seeing the person; How they think and feel
about it. A good attitude should be encouraged, and a bad attitude should be
changed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">It seems very
difficult to change individual attitudes, but this can be done using different
methods, such as: training and education, high impact intervention,
application, participation and consultation, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Job Factor:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Linked to the task
they perform.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ergonomic design
can affect workers comfortably to complete the task.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Workload, that is,
the amount of work, the pace of work, deadlines and the variety of work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Work environment,
that is, working conditions such as space, lighting, noise, temperature,
humidity, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Screens and
controls, that is, designed screens, marking, coding, capacity, etc. visual
management<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Procedures, that
is, the quality of the procedures, revised / obsolete, recoverability, complexity,
etc., the procedures must be precise, concise, in colloquial language.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Organizational
Factor:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Linked to the
characteristics of the organization for which they work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Organizational Safety
Culture</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety policies
and procedures.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety commitment
and management leadership</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Supervision Levels</span></li>
<li><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Peer group
pressure.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Consultation and
involvement of workers in the management of health and safety issues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Communication to
transmit messages and information about health and safety to staff and validate
the understanding of these messages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Resources, that
is, availability of safe equipment, PPE, safety training based on gap analysis,
etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Work models, that
is, time shift model, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<h3>
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Techniques to
improve employee's perception of hazards and risks.</span></b></h3>
</div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">We can define
perception as the way in which a person interprets the information detected by
their senses (touch, sight, hearing, smell and taste).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Certain hazards,
namely CO in the workplace, cannot be detected by the human senses, since this
gas is colourless, odourless and tasteless but deadly in relatively low
concentrations, so the risk associated with these hazards does not It will not
be perceived. Similarly, a person with visual impairment may not be able to see
the risks of traveling, a colour-blind worker may not be able to correctly
distinguish between red and green, PPE, such as hearing protection, reduces
sharpness. gloves reduce hearing sensitivity, loud noise in the workplace also
reduces a person's ability to listen well, which can cause risks to themselves and
others.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">However, in
addition to the problem of "sensory impairment," a person's brain can
interpret the information sent by the senses differently. A person whose senses
are fully functioning can still make mistakes in the way he interprets sensory
information. There may also be other factors that can confuse a person's
perception. Previous experiences, Drugs and alcohol, Diseases, Stress, Fatigue,
Training and education, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Techniques to
improve employee's attitute.</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Investigate and /
or collect information with personal discussions, try to understand the
problems and, therefore, plan corrective actions as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Conduct safety
awareness campaigns using posters, toolbox discussions, safety workshop
meetings, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Increase awareness
of the danger and its consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Provide gas
detectors with alarm devices.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Highlight hazards
by displaying safety signs, such as hearing protection, danger warning signs,
warning signs, barrier tapes, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ensure adequate
lighting in the workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Eliminate
distractions such as noise or excessive heat that can cause fatigue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Implement the drug
and alcohol policy and communicate the disciplinary process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Conclusion</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The obstacles to
positive safety cultures are short cuts, overconfidence, lack of cleanliness,
negative mindset, ignorance of safety rules, group pressure, mental
distractions, stress, fatigue, lack of work preparation, unscheduled work
without adequate information and inadequate risk assessment. The culture of
positive safety is the result of the shared mentality, beliefs, skills,
perceptions and patterns of behaviour in the organization that determines
management's commitment to health and safety management. Barriers to a positive
safety culture can be removed through motivation, training, education and
empowerment.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 18.6667px;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-15702778419164540842023-02-04T18:29:00.001+01:002023-02-04T18:29:59.270+01:00Concept of Safety Culture and its assessment indicators<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The </span></i></b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_culture" style="text-align: justify;"><b><i><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">safety culture</span></i></b></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"> of an organization depends on how every
people thinks and feels about health and safety and how this translates into
their behaviour.</span></h2>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Concept of Safety Culture and its assessment indicators</td></tr>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">“</span></i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_culture" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b><i><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Safety culture</span></i></b></a><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> can be defined as the shared attitudes,
values, beliefs and behaviours relating to health and safety</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">”</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><h2 style="line-height: 36px; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 26pt; line-height: 52px; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Concept of Safety Culture and its assessment indicators</span></h2></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">It is the outcome of the shared mindsets, beliefs,
competencies, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">perceptions</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">, and patterns of behavior in the organization
which determines the management's commitment to health and safety management.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">An
organization may have either a positive or a negative safety culture.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Positive Safety Culture</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">An
organization can be said with a <b><i>positive </i></b></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_culture" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">safety culture</span></i></b></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Where majority of the workers think and feel that
health and safety is important, and everyone works and behaves safely because
they understand the importance of self and others safety.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">There is a strong policy and clear leadership from
the top management and passes through the whole organization from top to
bottom.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Managers think about the health and safety
implications of their decisions and workers share the same view and work
safely.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">People those are not behaving safely are in the
minority and are likely to either leave, because they do not feel that they fit
in, or possibly be dismissed for working unsafely.</span></li>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Negative Safety Culture</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">An
organization can be said with a <b><i>negative </i></b></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_culture" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">safety culture</span></i></b></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Where majority of workers think and feel that </span><a href="https://www.hse.gov.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">health and safety</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> is not important and behaves unsafely, often
because they do not know any better.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">They are poorly educated in health and safety and
see it as unnecessary or unimportant.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">There is a lack of clear direction and leadership
from senior management.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Managers do not think about health and safety in
their decision-making and so let other priorities dictate their actions.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Safety-conscious workers are in the minority and
they may leave because they do not like the organizational culture and feel
unsafe in the work situation.</span></li>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Negative impact factors on health and safety culture</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Invisible
leadership from management, Not demonstrating management commitment to health
and safety, It meant management discussing the safety matter seriously in
conference room but not demonstrating actual in field, existence of blame
culture</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Lower
priority to health and safety than other business issues, frequent changes in
organization or poorly communicated changes make uncertainty, etc are some
examples of factors creating negative safety culture in the organization.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Safety
performance may indicate organization’s <b><i>positive/ negative </i></b></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_culture" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">safety culture</span></i></b></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. Less or No accidents & less ill-health
indicates people are working safely and organizations have a direct influence
on worker behavior ie. positive culture whereas lack of attention to </span><a href="https://www.hse.gov.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">health and safety</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, Low standards, poor behaviour and accidents may
indicate negative culture.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Indicators to assess safety culture</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">It is
very difficult to assess organization’s </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_culture" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">safetyculture</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> directly because it is
intangible and there is not a single feature that can be measured. As it partly
defined as how people think and feel, their attitudes, their beliefs, and their
priorities, these are intangible concepts and thus difficult to measure.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwAmU4gpRgQVv0p8q-Sx_vxxv9hSJPuuwPTYQSaASQbcZ-ip22UWyLrbKwL-NsQM-Pl02Vl26GfS9lrrvoDKCfzQLc3nxFFv8xzrHkLJY-UhF6qWjm_EUscQEjF2Cy-IaADf6ntLsXuD4/s1600/Concept-of-Safety-Culture-and-assessment-indicator.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Indicators to assess safety culture" border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="699" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwAmU4gpRgQVv0p8q-Sx_vxxv9hSJPuuwPTYQSaASQbcZ-ip22UWyLrbKwL-NsQM-Pl02Vl26GfS9lrrvoDKCfzQLc3nxFFv8xzrHkLJY-UhF6qWjm_EUscQEjF2Cy-IaADf6ntLsXuD4/s640/Concept-of-Safety-Culture-and-assessment-indicator.jpg" title="Concept of Safety Culture and its assessment indicators" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Safety Culture and its assessment indicators</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Here
are the examples of intangible factors that have a negative impact on health
and safety culture.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Lack of leadership from management.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Presence of a blame culture.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Lack of management commitment to safety, e.g.
saying one thing in conference room and doing another.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Health and safety</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> receiving lower priority compare to other
business concerns.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Organizational frequent changes/ uncertainty.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">More staff turnover rates.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Lack of resources</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Lack of worker participation and consultation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Interpersonal issues</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Poor management systems and procedures.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">External influences including poor ergonomics</span></li>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">So,
rather than trying to assess the safety culture directly, better to assess it
indirectly by considering multiple tangible outputs examined together that can
be used as indicators viz.</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Accident
record: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Accident frequency rate
and severity rate – Compare with past years data or with similar type of
industries</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Absenteeism:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> High level of worker absenteeism indicates
negate safety culture.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sickness
rates:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Sickness rates can be used in
similar way that accident rates.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Staff
turnover:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Low staff turnover may
indicate a good </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">safety
culture</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, while high staff turnover may
indicate the negative safety culture.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Compliance
with safety rules:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Positive safety
culture influenced workers' behavior in a positive way and majority of workers
want to work safely, so they comply with the safety rules and procedures laid
down by the organization.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Complaints
about working conditions</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">: An organization
with a positive culture may actively encourage complaints, but few serious ones
may be made. Whereas negative safety culture may actively discourage workers
from complaining, and many of the complaints made will be legitimate and
serious ones.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">T<b>he
influence of peers:</b> it can be measured in terms of number of training,
education, involvement in safety-related projects, disciplinary actions, etc.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Summary</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The
safety culture of an organization can be improved only be demonstrating clear
commitment by management with visible leadership.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Key to
implement positive </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_culture" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">safety culture</span></i></b></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> is involvement and cooperation of workers.
Another way to create positive safety culture is </span><a href="https://www.hse.gov.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Health and safety</span></i></b></a><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> empowerment</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. But if it is not dealt properly, workers may come
to resent instructions being imposed from above and start to actively oppose
safety initiatives and improvements. This creates a <b><i>negative culture</i></b>.
The most effective way to avoid this negativity and to actively encourage
worker interest and ownership is to involve workers in the decision-making
process, which is best achieved through worker consultation.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Assessment
of </span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">safety culture</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> is very difficult as it is intangible but can
be assessed by setting certain indicators in terms of <b><i>leading and lagging</i></b>.</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><div style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><div style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 37.3333px;"><b style="color: #cc0000; font-size: 14pt;">Test Your Knowledge</b></p></span></div><div style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in;"><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1; margin: 15px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 28px; position: relative; text-align: left; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://safetyquiz.safeworldhse.com/2020/07/safety-quiz-on-hazardous-chemicals.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 19px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; transition: all 0.6s ease 0s;" target="_blank"><i>Safety Quiz on Hazardous Chemicals: Ultimate questionnaire</i></a></div><div><div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; line-height: 1; margin: 15px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 28px; position: relative; text-align: left; z-index: 10;"><i style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 19px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; transition: all 0.6s ease 0s;"><a href="https://safetyquiz.safeworldhse.com/2020/07/quiz-on-permit-to-work-system-process.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 18px; outline: none; transition: all 0.6s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Quiz on Permit to Work System - Process of Work Permit System</a></i></div></div></span></div></span></div><div style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 37.3333px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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links in this article. This means that if you click on a link and purchase any
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we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-30721333357756371612023-02-04T18:29:00.000+01:002023-02-04T18:29:33.029+01:00Environment Management in Oil Refineries - EHS guide<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Petroleum
refineries</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; text-align: justify;"> are generally regarded
as foremost source of pollution in the areas where they are located and are
governed by certain <b><i>Environmental laws</i></b> identified with air, land
and water.</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiprrftwG43iY8s9nvicqtSHqzGMiK7Iu3VM6sgej9ziz4wCpOxldGy_SjhV0dmkPO3beJOcutANVB0LaoIm32FpiH5BgNPt2g93zE0klY8vfv5VyPCRgb9ghcTNXhLd8Pz2x3gOYcL8rk/s1600/Environment+management+in+oil+refineries.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="Environment management in oil refineries" border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="910" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiprrftwG43iY8s9nvicqtSHqzGMiK7Iu3VM6sgej9ziz4wCpOxldGy_SjhV0dmkPO3beJOcutANVB0LaoIm32FpiH5BgNPt2g93zE0klY8vfv5VyPCRgb9ghcTNXhLd8Pz2x3gOYcL8rk/s640/Environment+management+in+oil+refineries.jpg" title="Environment management in oil refineries" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Environment Management in Oil Refineries</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><h2 align="center" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; line-height: 36px; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="background: white; color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 26pt; line-height: 52px; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Environment Management in Oil Refineries</span></h2></span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">This
article provides a general diagram of the forms of treatment facilities, possible
associated <b><i>environmental risks</i></b>, permitted toxin containment
points, <b><i>environmental parameters</i></b> for observation, constant online
testing equipment and accepted pollution control procedures in <b><i>oil
refineries.<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b><i><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration-line: none;">Petroleum</span></i></b></a><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> refining</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> has extended non-refined petroleum ie. Crude
oil-making activities to complete refined, vaporous, liquid and solid products
and operating results, including fuel gas for process facilities, LPG, motor
spirit, Keo / diesel, fuel oil, bitumen, lubricating oils, waxes, sulfur,
industrial coke and petrochemical intermediates (eg propane / propylene
mixtures, naphtha, aromatic, central distillates and vacuum distillates).
Completed commercial items are supplied by mixing different intermediate items.
Processing facilities are unpredictable frameworks that are explicitly intended
to create the ideal elements that depend on the properties of the raw material
of the crude oil. The treatment plant forms different types of unrefined oil
reserves (light, medium, overwhelming, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraffin" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">paraffinic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,
aromatic, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthenic_acid" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">naphthenic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> with a variable sulfur content, such as high
viscosity and density, etc.)</span><b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The
most widely recognized differentiation between types of unrefined/crude oil is
"sweet" and "sour". Sweet crude oil is generally low in
sulfur and slightly paraffinic. Sour crude oil is normally rich in sulfur (more
than 0.5% by weight) and intense naphthenic. Unrefined oils are also grouped in
light, medium and substantial, depending on their paraffin, their naphthenic
and aromatic substances.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Petroleum Refineries pollutants</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ecological issues related with oil refining
incorporate the accompanying:</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Emissions to environment</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Handling and transfer of operation wastewater</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Handling of hazardous materials and squanders</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Noise from working hardware</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1. Air pollutants</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h4>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">There
are several sources of emissions into the atmosphere from normal emissions,
volatile emissions, unintended emissions or factory malfunction, including
equipment leaks (valves or other devices); combustion process at elevated
temperatures during the actual combustion of fuels for power generation; steam
and process liquid heating; and product transfer. The combination of volatile
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides also contributes to the formation of ozone and
these are,</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">BTEX compounds: benzene, toluene, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylbenzene"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">ethylbenzene</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> and
xylene.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Combustion gases: particles (PM), nitrogen oxides
(NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2),
natural gas (methane) and other fuels and oils. lightweight volatile</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(</span></i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_emission"><i><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Fugitive emissions</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">: may occur due to leaks in pipes, valves,
fittings, flanges, gaskets, steam traps, gaskets, open ends, floating roof
storage tanks and pump gaskets, gas transport systems, compressor seals, valves
Pressure relief, breathing valves, open tanks or sinks / containers, oil seals,
water separators and storage, loading and unloading of hydrocarbons: hydrogen,
methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butanes, butylenes, pentanes,
pentenes, C6-C9 alkylate, benzene, toluene, xylenes, phenol and C9 aromatics, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)) Inorganic gases, ammonia (NH3), CO, CO2, SO2, SO3,
NOx, butyl methyl tertiary ether ( MTBE), butyl ethyl tertiary ether (ETBE),
methyl t-amyl ether (TAME), methanol and ethanol, HF, H2S, other VOC).</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></h4>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">2. Water pollutants:</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h4>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Refiners
are also potentially important contributors to the contamination of groundwater
and surface water. Some refineries use deep injection wells to discharge
wastewater generated in factories, and some of these wastes end up in aquifers
and groundwater. Wastewater in refineries can be highly contaminated, given the
amount of sources with which it can come into contact during the refining
process (such as leaks and spills of equipment and desalination of crude oil).
This contaminated water can be wastewater from the desalination process,
cooling tower water, rainwater, distillation or cracking. May contain oil
residues and many other hazardous wastes. This water is reused in a few stages
during the refining operation and experiences a few filtration forms, including
a wastewater treatment plant, before being discharge into surface waters.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Contaminants
in water, such as sulfides, ammonia, suspended solids and other compounds that
may be present in wastewater.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 12pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">3. Soil Pollutants:</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h4>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Soil
contamination by refining processes is generally a less significant problem
than air and water pollution. Most of the waste is produced during the refining
process and recycled. Other residual materials are collected and disposed of
in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">landfills</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, or they can be recovered by other facilities.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Soil
contamination</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, including certain
hazardous wastes, spent catalysts or coke dust, the bottom of the tanks and the
sludge of the treatment processes, can occur due to leaks, accidents or spills
on or off-site during the process of transport.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span></h4>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">4. Noise (Pollutants):</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h4>
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The primary
wellsprings of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">noise</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> in oil
refining operation incorporate enormous rotating machines, for example,
compressors and turbines, siphons, electric motors, air coolers, blowers, fans
and heaters. In addition, steam leaks/venting, if significant, can be noisy.
During emergency pressure relief, high noise levels can be generated due to the
high-pressure gases that are released and / or the steaming into the
atmosphere.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhDcxzVIXr2QhE8uZpwubTSinkznBjHmZgZVneOHwdroKkP2OyAQ3WbjhRvfzt1GI9r1dNiSe-ZMhC2MGIkxvdKjLadNKBw-bj4G9ZjMn29qxHBMZLoz5E7E7Hy9oatm8qWvZeVOmVsWs/s1600/Environment+management+in+oil+refineries1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Environment management in oil refineries" border="0" data-original-height="178" data-original-width="283" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhDcxzVIXr2QhE8uZpwubTSinkznBjHmZgZVneOHwdroKkP2OyAQ3WbjhRvfzt1GI9r1dNiSe-ZMhC2MGIkxvdKjLadNKBw-bj4G9ZjMn29qxHBMZLoz5E7E7Hy9oatm8qWvZeVOmVsWs/s640/Environment+management+in+oil+refineries1.jpg" title="Environment management in oil refineries" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Environment management in oil refineries</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Monitoring of Environmental pollutants</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Environmental
monitoring</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> uses different equipment and techniques, depending on the
monitoring approach. <b><i>Monitoring</i></b> the quality of the surface water
can be measured, for example, by means of remotely deployed instruments, manual
instruments or by applying biomonitoring when assessing the benthic
invertebrate macro-community. In addition to the techniques and instruments
used in field work, remote sensing and satellite images can also be used to
monitor parameters on a larger scale, such as air pollution columns or sea
surface temperatures.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">From a general
perspective, <b><i>environmental checking</i></b> can be characterized as the
methodical examining of air, water, soil and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biota" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">biota </span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">to watch and
concentrate nature, and to pick up information on this procedure. Observing can
be done for different purposes, including the foundation of "baselines,
patterns and combined impacts" on ecology.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Inspecting of
air, water and soil</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> through natural observing can give information that
can be utilized to comprehend the condition and creation of the environment and
its process. Natural observing must be considered under ordinary, anomalous and
crisis circumstances:</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The <b><i>environmental
aspects</i></b> of an organization under all circumstances are determined by
the procedures of its environmental management system and may include:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Air emissions.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Water
pollution,</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Soil
pollution,</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Use of raw
materials and natural resources.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Use of energy,
released energy, including heat, radiation, vibrations, noise and light.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Production of
waste and / or by-products.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Environmental
aspects with beneficial effect.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="3" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 242; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 220.25pt;" width="294"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">AIR EMISSION
LEVEL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="background: rgb(242, 242, 242); border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 242; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 231.95pt;" width="309"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">EMISSION AND
WASTE GENERATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: rgb(174, 170, 170); border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Pollutant</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(174, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Units Guideline Value</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(174, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Guideline Value</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(174, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.45pt;" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Parameter</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(174, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.05pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Unit</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(174, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: background2; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.45pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">Industry bench marking</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">NOx<sup>b</sup>
</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">mg/Nm<sup>3
</sup></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">300
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">100
for FCCU</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.45pt;" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Wastewater<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.05pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">m3 /metric
ton crude oil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.45pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">0.1–1.5<sup>1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Sox<sup>c</sup></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">mg/Nm<sup>3</sup></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">150
for SRU;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">300
for FCCU <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">500</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.45pt;" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Emissions
CO<sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">NOx<sup>3</sup>
Particulate matter <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">SOx
<sup>4</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">VOC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.05pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Metric ton
/million metric tons of processed crude oil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.45pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">105,000–276,000
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">70–450
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">60–150
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">60–300
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">65–300<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Particulate
Matter (PM10)<sup> d</sup></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">mg/Nm<sup>3</sup></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.45pt;" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.05pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.45pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Vanadium<sup>
e</sup></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">mg/Nm<sup>3</sup></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.45pt;" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.05pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.45pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Nickel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">mg/Nm<sup>3</sup></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.45pt;" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.05pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.45pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">H<sub>2</sub>S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" width="78"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US">mg/Nm<sup>3</sup></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1in;" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.45pt;" width="87"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.05pt;" width="99"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.45pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="3" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 17.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 341.75pt;" width="456"><div style="margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 13.5pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Liquid Effluents Levels<span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pollutant</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Units</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Guideline
Value</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Lead </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">0.1 </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Nickel</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">0.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mercury</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">0.003<sup>d</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Arsenic</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">0.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Vanadium</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Phenol</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">0.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Benzene</a></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">0.05<sup>e</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Benzo (a) pyrene</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">0.05<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Sulfides</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">0.2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Total Nitrogen</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">10<sup>f</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Total Phosphorus</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Temperature increase</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><3<sup>g</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Cyanide <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Total <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Free</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">0.1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Iron</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Copper</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">0.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Chromium (hexavalent)</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">0.005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Chromium (total)</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">0.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Oil and Grease</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Total Suspended Solids (TSS)</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">COD</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">125<sup> c</sup></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">BOD5</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" valign="top" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">mg/L </span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">30 <sup>b</sup></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 23; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 155.8pt;" width="208"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">pH</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 86.95pt;" width="116"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">S.U.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">6 – 9</span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="3" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 265.25pt;" valign="top" width="354"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Fence Line
Monitoring Action Level<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pollutant<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Unit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Guideline value<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Benzene <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">µg/m<sup>3</sup> <sup>a</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="4" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 467.5pt;" valign="top" width="623"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Resource and
Energy Consumption<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.85pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Parameter<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.4pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Definition of
Parameter<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Unit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Industry
Benchmark<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.85pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Total
Energy Consumption<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.4pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Total
energy consumed by the process, including direct combustion, steam,
electricity, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">MJ
per metric ton of processed crude oil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2,300–3,300<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.85pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Electric
Power Consumption<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.4pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Total
electricity consumed by the process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">kWh
per metric ton of processed crude oil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">22–31<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.85pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Fresh Make-up Water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.4pt;" valign="top" width="174"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The supply of raw filtered water that integrates drift and
evaporation losses as well as blow-down<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">m<sup>3</sup> per metric ton of processed crude oil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">0.07–0.66<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Petroleum Refineries pollution prevention and control measures</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;">Adoption of different process
technologies and environment monitoring with industrial, national, and
international bench marking helps to prevent and control the pollution.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</h3>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><u><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Air Pollutant prevention and control
measures</span></u></b></h3>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjebEBiLFIzXVgnra8sxoR9zWE9APZhj4DyFixDFAYnnsN0UBp1AgMoGbeDkeE0E0JuC-fkup7Yv04rR_3PKcGHpbcIYqQlvyuH2gyfCEOKCwaU-Q2RIXf76WvIU0UsywoYbJmI6rCGZ24/s1600/Environment+management+in+oil+refineries3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Continuous online air quality monitor" border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="751" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjebEBiLFIzXVgnra8sxoR9zWE9APZhj4DyFixDFAYnnsN0UBp1AgMoGbeDkeE0E0JuC-fkup7Yv04rR_3PKcGHpbcIYqQlvyuH2gyfCEOKCwaU-Q2RIXf76WvIU0UsywoYbJmI6rCGZ24/s320/Environment+management+in+oil+refineries3.jpg" title="Environment management in oil refineries" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Continuous online air quality monitor</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Pollution prevention measures for process
heater</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">For process heaters</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> the following main
measures to prevent and control pollution should be considered:</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">To increase the efficiency of the furnace,
combustion air preheaters and an advanced control of the operating variables (temperature
and oxygen concentration of the flue gases to optimize combustion, the air /
fuel ratio for the mixture of combustion must be installed, fuel must be
continuously monitored; optimization of excess air to minimize heat loss from
unburned gases or unburned wastes).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">High thermal efficiency designs with good control
systems (eg oxygen deposition).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Energy requirements can be minimized by using
pumps, fans and other highly efficient equipment.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Prevention of condensation of exhaust gases on
surfaces.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Proper operation and control, a constant supply of
liquid fuel in secondary heating, a good mixture of exhaust gases and a
catalytic afterburner can regulate CO emissions.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">To improve heat transfer by radiation, high
emission refractory materials can be provided, for example, by applying ceramic
coatings as reflective surfaces.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Regular cleaning of the heating surface (soot
blowing) for liquid fuels or mixed fires.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Pollution prevention measures for
flare and venting</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">For venting and flaring system</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> the following
pollution prevention and control measures should be considered:</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The emission of emergency openings in the process
and the discharges of the safety valves are collected in the purge network that
is exhausted.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">A flare gas extraction system must be used for the
planned start and stop.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In non-emergency situations, excess gas from
process openings should be recovered or regulated and the volume of gas to be
burned should be minimized.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Burning changes, the chemical nature of substances
emitted by incineration.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Before adopting burning, viable alternatives to the
use of gas should be evaluated and integrated as much as possible in the
production design.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Burned gas volumes should be recorded for all
burning activities. Torch management plans must be developed and implemented.
Burning volumes for new facilities must be estimated during the initial
commissioning period so that fixed volume burning targets can be developed.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Use of efficient torch tips, that is, an optimal
sonic speed released, to prevent torch malfunction due to its flames and to
optimize the size and number of burner nozzles.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Limit flaring and decontamination pilots, without
trading off wellbeing, through measures that incorporate the establishment of
purge gas decrease gears, flare gas recuperation units (for the most part for
ceaseless or unsurprising conveyance), a deactivation drum upstream (vapor
fluid separator used to forestall fluid entrancement to the flare), soft seat
valve innovation (if relevant), preservation pilots, utilization of latent
cleanse gas and the redirection of streams to the water arrange fuel gas
dispersion of the processing plant. Greatest ignition proficiency of the flare
by controlling and advancing the fuel/air/steam stream paces of the flare to
guarantee the right connection between the assistant stream and the flare
stream.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Minimize the risk of flying the pilot ensuring
sufficient speed from the point of departure and providing windshield.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Use of a reliable self-ignition system for pilots.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Minimize entrained liquid and entrainment in the
gas torch flow with an appropriate liquid separation system</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Installation of highly reliable instrument pressure
protection systems, if necessary, to reduce over pressure events and to prevent
or reduce torches.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Minimize the flame light (flash off) and lick the
flame (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">flashback</span></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Work with torches to control odours and visible
smoke emissions using appropriate optical instruments, such as flame detectors,
that react to steam injection in the event of black smoke at the tip.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Implement burner maintenance planning and
replacement programs to ensure maximum continuous torch efficiency</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Monthly measurement of flame gases in order to
assess pollution, mainly in terms of CO2 and SO2, as well as the heat released
(which is an indirect estimate of greenhouse gas emissions).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Avoid a flame dominated by the wake. A strong high
speed crosswind can have a powerful effect on the size and shape of the torch
flame, so that the flame is dominated by the wake (ie the torch leans on the
side of the torch in the wind and is embedded in the aftermath of the torch
point), thereby reducing torch performance and possibly damaging the torch
spot</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Avoid excessive steam because too much steam in a
torch reduces the performance of the torch.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> To minimize flaring due to equipment
malfunctions and installation problems, the reliability of the installation
must be high (> 95%).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Avoid turning off the flame, a state where a flame
separates from the tip of the torch and there is a space between the tip of the
torch and the bottom of the flame due to excessive induction of air due to gas
outlet rates of the torch and central vapor. This type of flame can reduce the
operation of the torch and can develop into a state in which the flame is
completely extinguished.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Pollution prevention measures for
Fugitive emission</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Fugitive Emissions (FE),</span></i></b><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">the
following primary measures to prevent and control pollution must be considered:</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The Leak Detection and Repair Program (LDAR) can be
implemented based on a systematic P & ID assessment.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">When selecting suitable valves, seals, flanges,
fittings and seals, their effectiveness in reducing gas leaks and diffuse
emissions must be taken into account.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">For petroleum storage tanks, the nitrogen blanket
system and the internal floating roof system minimize the release of FE into
the atmosphere.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The use of vent gas scrubber should be considered
to remove oil and other products with a higher vapor oxidation in specific
units (eg Bitumen production, loading gantries).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Installation of a vapor recovery unit, instead of
releasing the vapour into atmosphere or to flare system.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Gas combustion must be carried out at a high
temperature (around 800 ° C) to ensure complete destruction of minor components
(e.g., H2S, aldehydes, organic acids and phenolic components) and to reduce
emissions and the influence of odours.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Assure the vapor control system (vapor recovery
units) during loading and unloading of naphtha, motor spirit, methanol / ethanol
and ethers.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The ventilation openings of the alkylation plant
must be collected and neutralized for HF in a gas washer before introducing in
to flare system.</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Control measures for nitrogen oxides
emission</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Nitrogen oxides</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> the following main
measures to prevent and control pollution must be considered:</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Low NOx burners can be installed in combustion appliances.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The ammonia (NH 3) formed during the
hydrodesulfurization process of naphtha and diesel is introduced as a component
of the acid feed gas into the SRU thermal reactor and converted to NOx fuel.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Taking into account technologies for selective
catalytic reduction (RCS) or thermal NOx.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Includes high temperature air combustion (HiTAC),
also known as flameless (or colourless) combustion. With the use of HiTAC, poor
gas streams can be burned with uniform thermal fields without the need for fuel
enrichment or addition of oxygen.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The uniform temperature distribution promotes clean
and efficient combustion, with the added benefit of a significant reduction in
NOx, CO and hydrocarbon emissions.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Control measures for sulphur
di-oxides emission</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Sulphur oxides</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> the following main
measures to prevent and control pollution:</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Minimize SOx emissions by desulfurizing fuels, as
much as possible, or by targeting the use of high sulfur fuels in units
equipped with SOx emission controls.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Recover sulfur from exhaust gases using very
efficient SRUs, such as Claus units equipped with the specific exhaust gas
treatment section.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Install scrubbers with sodium hydroxide solution to
treat the flue gases from the absorption towers of the alkylation unit.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">(Refinery
streams containing sulfur are generally directed to hydrotreatment units where
hydrogen is combined with sulfur to form H2S, then directed to the Amina unit,
from which a single stream is sent, to a high concentration of H2S, towards
SRU, generally based on Claus Process.)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMe1b7ndwsmRUPlbxanQw-lzDGxayL6UWTJSmQoT0Mjj0ZJsamqcYGwveWczWd6jbCu0hxl0jsKdrq4qp2y7qC-Na00ohwoiKQgRE1up4je01t2GTyztFnjftp54zVjCNZEzYeOddu7Yg/s1600/Environment+management+in+oil+refineries2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Environment management in oil refineries" border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="910" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMe1b7ndwsmRUPlbxanQw-lzDGxayL6UWTJSmQoT0Mjj0ZJsamqcYGwveWczWd6jbCu0hxl0jsKdrq4qp2y7qC-Na00ohwoiKQgRE1up4je01t2GTyztFnjftp54zVjCNZEzYeOddu7Yg/s640/Environment+management+in+oil+refineries2.jpg" title="Environment management in oil refineries" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Environment management in oil refineries</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 7.5pt;">
</div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Control measures for particulate
matter emission</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Particulate matter</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> the
following main measures to prevent and control pollution should be considered:</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Precipitates, purifiers, third-phase cyclones
associated with NOx and SOx emission control technologies (for example, wet gas
washers).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The combination of these techniques can allow
particle reduction of> 99%.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Implement techniques to reduce particulate
emissions during the treatment of coke, in particular:</span></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Keep the coke under closed shelters,</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Keep the coke constantly moist</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Cut the coke in a grinder and take it to an intermediate
storage silo.</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Spray the coke with a thin layer of hydrocarbon/GO,
to stick the fine dust on the coke,</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Use conveyor belts covered with extraction systems
to maintain negative pressure,</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Use extraction systems to extract and collect coke
dust,</span></i></li>
<li><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Transfer the collected fines from the cyclones
pneumatically to a silo with exhaust air filters and recycle the collected
fines for storage.</span></i></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Consider, for example, replacing fuel, replacing
heavy fuel with light fuel oil, natural gas, or refinery gas.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Control measures for greenhouse gases
emission</span></b></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><i><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Greenhouse gases</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> the
following main measures to prevent and control pollution should be considered:</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">During the design phase or when major renovation
improvements are contemplated, improvement of stationary sources of combustion
(ie steam boilers, process heaters, combined heat and power), improvement of
systems flammable gas and flare should be considered, and the installation of
energy recovery / residual heat recovery units. Limiting greenhouse gas
emissions (carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are most of the greenhouse
gases).</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<b><u><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Water Pollutant prevention and
control measures</span></u></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Inhibition and control of accidental release of
liquids through periodic inspections and maintenance of storage and transport
systems, including pump packaging and valves and other potential leakage
points, as well as the implementation of spill control plans.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Providing sufficient capacity to store treatment
fluids to allow maximum recovery in the process and, therefore, to avoid large
discharges of treatment fluids in the oily wastewater drainage system.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Design and construction of wastewater and hazardous
materials storage basins with sufficient waterproof surfaces to prevent
infiltration of contaminated water into the soil and groundwater.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Separation of wastewater for storm water treatment
and separation of wastewater basins and basins for hazardous substances.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Implementation of good maintenance practices,
including the realization of product transfer activities in paved areas and the
rapid collection of small amounts of spills.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Install a closed process drainage system to trap
and repair leaks and spills of MTBE, ETBE and TAME. These substances do not
respond to biological treatment and the ETP must be prevented from entering and
damaging.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Direct spent caustic soda from chemical and
softening treatment units to the wastewater treatment system after corrosive
oxidation.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Direct the used liquor from corrosive oxidation
(containing thiosulfates, sulphites and soluble sulfates) to the wastewater
treatment system.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">If present in the installation, the acidic and
corrosive wastewater from the demineralized water preparation must be
neutralized before being discharged into the wastewater treatment system.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Cold rinse of steam generation systems before
discharge. These wastewaters, as well as the rinse of the cooling towers, may
contain additives (for example, biocides) that may need to be treated in the
ETP before they are discharged.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Water contaminated with oil from planned cleaning
activities during the repair of the installation and wastewater containing oil
from process leaks must be treated at the ETP.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Contaminated streams should be directed to the
industrial ETP.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Hydrostatic test water (equipment and pipes includes
a water pressure test) must be used for different tests.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Reduce the need for corrosion inhibitors and other
chemicals by minimizing the time the test water stays in equipment or pipes.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">If the discharge of hydrotest water into the sea or
surface water is the only viable alternative to disposal, a hydrotest water
retention plan must be developed taking into account the discharge points, the
rejection rate, the use and the distribution of chemicals, environmental risks
and the required monitoring. The hydraulic test of water drainage in shallow
coastal waters should be avoided.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">If chemical products are necessary, select
effective chemicals with the least toxicity, bioavailability and
bio-accumulative potential and the highest biodegradability.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
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<b><u><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Soil Pollutant prevention and control
measures</span></u></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Spent catalysts:</span></b></h4>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVIEDfYSGer65Swox3Ik3EEmKqcgv2saAbk541GIjfwzTV86hUK3PFaG_VSW1uxjoNXUk5_uC0AqDfpCgn7lxAMks0HDwZcGlwg1fNbFOXWF22rynDwbcD0ybzjwMLxL9otXlX5Qvl3K8/s1600/Environment+management+in+oil+refineries5.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Environment management in oil refineries" border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="750" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVIEDfYSGer65Swox3Ik3EEmKqcgv2saAbk541GIjfwzTV86hUK3PFaG_VSW1uxjoNXUk5_uC0AqDfpCgn7lxAMks0HDwZcGlwg1fNbFOXWF22rynDwbcD0ybzjwMLxL9otXlX5Qvl3K8/s320/Environment+management+in+oil+refineries5.JPG" title="Environment management in oil refineries" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Environment management in oil refineries</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">There are
different types of spent catalysts and their physicochemical properties
influence their handling. The two most important considerations are whether the
specific catalyst is of a "hazardous" or "non-hazardous"
nature and if the metal or metals they contain are expensive or recoverable. An
analysis of these factors will directly influence the treatment of a used
catalyst.</span><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The following
primary measures to prevent and control pollution should be considered:</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Use catalysts with a long service life and
regeneration to extend the life of the catalyst.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Use proper storage and handling methods on site
to avoid uncontrolled exothermic reactions.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;">Return used catalysts to the manufacturer for
regeneration or recovery, or transport them to other external management
companies for the treatment, recovery / recycling of heavy or precious metals
and their disposal in accordance with the recommendations for industrial waste
management.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span></h4>
<h4 style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
</h4>
<h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <b>Other Hazardous Wastes:</b></span></h3>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;">(Solvents;
filters, mineral alcohol, sweetener used, used amines for the removal of CO2,
H2S and carbonyl sulfide (COS); activated carbon filters and oily sludges from
oil / water separators and desalination plants; emulsions or bottom of tanks;
and consumed or used in operation and maintenance fluids (for example oils and
test fluids), contaminated sludge, sludge from the purification circuit of the
jet water pump, depleted molecular sieves and depleted aluminium oxide by HF
alkylation can be generated from crude oil storage tanks, desalination and
cover, coke, propane, propylene, butane dryers and isomerization of butanes:
ETPs and basins / lagoons generate sludge which can be considered as hazardous
waste, depending on the treatment process itself and the incoming wastewater).</span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The following main measures to
prevent and control pollution should be considered:</span></i></b></h4>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Process waste must be tested and classified as hazardous or
non-hazardous in accordance with local legal requirements or internationally
accepted approaches.</span><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h4>
<h4 style="background: white; break-after: auto; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; page-break-after: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Send oily sludge, such as those for crude oil storage tanks (bottom
drains) and desalination plants (bottom drains); delayed coke drum, if any, to
recover the valuable oil.</span><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h4>
<h4 style="background: white; break-after: auto; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; page-break-after: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Make sure there are no excessive cracking process in vibreaker unit
to prevent the production of unstable fuel oil, which would increase sediment
and sediment formation during storage.</span><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h4>
<h4 style="background: white; break-after: auto; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; page-break-after: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Maximize oil extraction from wastewater and oily sludge. Minimize
oil losses in the wastewater system. Oil can be extracted from the waste using
separation techniques (for example, gravity separators and centrifuges).</span><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h4>
<h4 style="background: white; break-after: auto; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; page-break-after: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Sludge treatment can include soil application (bioremediation) or
solvent extraction, followed by combustion of the residue and / or use in
asphalt or cement kilns, if possible. In some cases, the residue must be
stabilized before being removed to reduce the leachability of toxic metals. If
left untreated, hazardous sludge from crude oil refineries must be disposed of
in a secure landfill, in accordance with the hazardous waste</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">management
procedure.</span></span><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<h4 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span color="windowtext" style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span></h4>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Non-Hazardous Wastes</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<h4 style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">(HF
alkylation produces neutralization sludge, which may contain calcium fluoride,
calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium fluoride, magnesium hydroxide
and magnesium carbonate)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> After
drying and compression, they may be marketed for uses in steel mills, for or
land filled.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Summary</span></b><b><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<h4 style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Modern
technology used in </span><i>refineries </i><span style="font-weight: normal;">and best engineering practices
reduces the emission of </span><i>environmental pollutants</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">. Continuous
online monitoring though fixed analyzer with ultra-high accuracy instruments
helps to control the pollution. Although robust </span><i>Environment Management
System </i><span style="font-weight: normal;">with clear commitment toward </span><i style="font-weight: normal;">green environment</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> is
need of </span><i>petroleum refineries</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> for sustainable business. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/01/safe-mechanical-completion-commissioning-startup-oil-gas.html" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration-line: none;">Safe mechanical completion, Pre-commissioning, commissioning, start-up of Oil facility</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<br /><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/01/process-safety-management.html" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration-line: none;">Process Safety Management</span></a></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/01/performance-of-process-safety.html" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration-line: none;">Howto measure the performance of process safety management</span></a></span><span color="windowtext" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/01/reporting-of-process-safety-incident.html" target="_blank">Howto Report process incidences and near-misses</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">You may find affiliate
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-40110475090475109332023-02-04T18:28:00.001+01:002023-02-04T18:28:53.794+01:00Safety Management System and role of Safety Specialists<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: x-large;">Safety Management System and role of Safety
Specialist</span></span></b></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><a name='more'></a></span></b></h2>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">This article
provides information about the basic concept of the <b><i>Safety Management System
(SMS)</i></b>, its definition, its history, the elements, the pillar of <b><i>SMS</i></b>,
how to influence safe behavior, safety promotions, the concept of risk. , how
to control the risk, how to monitor the performance of the safety management
system and the role of the safety specialist / practitioner while developing
and maintaining the health and <b><i>safety management system.</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 0in 8pt 4.5pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">Safety
Management System (SMS)</span></span></b></h3>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 4.5pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety
Management system (SMS)</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">
provides the systematic & structural approach to manage the workplace risk by
continuous process of identification and evaluation of workplace hazards and
assurance of effectiveness of controls to prevent incidents / accidents. It also
helps organization to improve their business performance, brand value, customer
relation, employee’s & social moral, social wellbeing and financial aspect by
minimizing the losses.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 12pt 4.5pt 8pt 0in;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety
management system (SMS)</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> provides
perfect structure and clear guidelines to any organization for managing
workplace health and <a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2019/12/what-types-safety-hazards.html" target="_blank">safety</a> by establishing, implementing and maintaining the organizational
health and safety Policy, framework of roles and responsibilities, <a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2019/12/Concept-Safety-Culture-assessment-indicators.html" target="_blank">safety culture</a>, emergency preparedness, Risk management and control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It also provides
the systematic approach on planning and implementation of safety including safety
promotion, performance evaluation, action for improvement and audit. It promotes
continual improvement in health and safety system for sustainable business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">Safety
management system definition</span></span></b></h3>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">“Safety
management system is a systematic approach to managing the safety, including the
necessary organizational structures, accountabilities, policies, and
procedures”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">Why it is important to implement a safety management system</span></span></b></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">International
Labour Organization (<a href="https://www.ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ILO</a>) publishing global statistics related to the number of
accidents and disease cases that are reported and recorded globally. This
accident/ incident statistics alerting and helping the different organizations
and individuals to manage health and safety standards within the workplace for
various reasons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">If we study this data
published by ILO and other similar global organization, it is clearly indicating
three main factors responsible for implementing and maintaining the best <b><i>safety
management system</i></b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Factor-1:
Moral:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Several people being
killed, injured, or made sick by their work, morally it is unacceptable, and
society demands that people should be safe in their workplace. Its moral duty
that one person must care another.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Factor-2:
Social:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Its legal requirement and law govern the
conduct of businesses/organizations (whether small or large). An employer has a
duty to provide a safe place of work, equipment, safe plant and safe systems of
work, adequate training and supervision, and competent employees.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Factor-3:
Economical:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Accident cause
direct and indirect costs (loss), some of these losses can be insured but most
of them are uninsured. Its truth that accidents and ill-health cost money. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It is truth that
almost all organization are more focused on financial aspects. To minimize the financial
losses, we must focus on direct and indirect costs both.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Direct
costs: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cost for first-aid
treatment, sick pay, overtime, costs incurred to cover their absence, cost to
repair of damaged equipment, lost/damaged product cost, lost production time,
fines, and compensation payment, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Indirect
costs: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Time taken to investigate the accident, the costs
of additional control measures to prevent recurrence, comply with enforcement
notices, cost associated with the training and new recruitment, loss of morale
could impact productivity, or damage the organization’s public image or
customer relationships.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Read more on "<a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2019/12/Why-necessary-maintain-health-safety-standards.html" target="_blank">why to maintain health and safety best standards</a>"</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">History of safety
management system</span></span></span></b></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Before 1970, There
was Bureau of Labour Office regulated employee safety standards. The federal
government's health and safety efforts and regulations were rare before <a href="https://www.osha.gov/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">OSHA</a>,
but significant progress has led to the formation of the department.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">With the industrial
development and lot of constructions activities recorded before 1887, unsafe conditions
including dangerous chemical and negligible safety standards were responsible
for many fatalities. Therefore, Massachusetts was the first state to pass security
laws in 1887 and the Department of Labour was created in 1913 by President
Taft. In 1933, Frances Perkins became the first woman to sit in the cabinet
when she was appointed secretary of labor. There, created the Bureau of Labor
Standards that helped states improve safety standards in the workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Initially the
safety standards were more focused of machine guarding and basic safety precautions
including emergency exit. Then they started periodic workplace inspection by
regulating agencies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Also, in earlier years
.ie. in 1930, generally organizations were set standard for fatality rate in
relation with financial aspect, for examples, they expect </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">one
death for every million dollars spent on a project</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Also, during
incident investigation, team were more focused on “what” and “why” happened, Incident
investigation was type of “fault finding” rather than ‘fact’ finding. The recommendation
was most focused on technical upgradation and product quality improvement. The safety
system was more reactive type.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">After 1970s,
peoples then started to focus on human factor, human psychology, behaviour along
with other technical factors. While investigating the incidences, they started considering
the human factor, introduced the word “HOW” along with “WHY” and thus safety process
become proactive.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Proactive approach
becomes the base of safety management system. The word “management system” introduced
for system-based approach to framework the organizational strategy to manage
the risk and assurance of controls over hazards. As safety is condition thus
requires constant relook with changes in work environment and therefore safety
management system must be dynamic. This need identified and introduced the concept
of safety assurance and safety promotions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The concept of safety
management system introduced by International Labour Organization (ILO) by
publishing ILO-OSH 2001, It provides the Guidelines on occupational safety and
health management systems to assist organizations for implementation of safety management
systems. The elements of the guidelines were safety policy, organization,
planning & implementation, evaluation, and action for improvement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Occupation health
and safety standard was introduced by British and Polish standard and continue
from 1999 to 2018 internationally. OHSAS: 18001 was adopted internationally for
certification but more. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">Elements
of safety management system</span></span></b></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">As the <b><i>safety
management system</i></b> is a systematic approach to managing the safety, including
the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities, policies, and
procedures, ILO-OSH 2001 and OHSAS-81001 introduced the concept of PDCA cycle, where “P” represent “PLAN”, “D” as
‘DO”, ‘”C” means “CHECK” and “A” represents “ACT”. This concept also used in
many other standards like, ISO:9001, ISO 14001, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYEo8RB_FGGL3oTYxughZsChhtjCVHdDa6oTITHsgHW1lzHsCjISke5PToQjCPz5yNPOEby42F6axuBd9RTD2cTF6mXcqqOCVGwu5J1YbVw3zBXGM73rVnnEWJsrpL8ykR7RsGE-MHxOQ/s1600/Safety-management-system.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Safety Management System and role of Safety Specialist" border="0" data-original-height="467" data-original-width="631" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYEo8RB_FGGL3oTYxughZsChhtjCVHdDa6oTITHsgHW1lzHsCjISke5PToQjCPz5yNPOEby42F6axuBd9RTD2cTF6mXcqqOCVGwu5J1YbVw3zBXGM73rVnnEWJsrpL8ykR7RsGE-MHxOQ/s640/Safety-management-system.jpg" title="Safety Management System and role of Safety Specialist" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Safety Management System</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">All these
standards have common way of approach and the key elements of safety management
systems are<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1) <b><i>Safety
and health <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Policy</a></i></b>: It is documented and clear statement shows the
commitment of top management about safety and health within the organization at
all levels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2) <b><i>Organising
for safety</i></b>: It gives the framework
of safety roles and responsibilities at all level, manpower <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">competency</a>, safety
culture, behavior-based safety, emergency preparedness and response, first-aid,
etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3) Planning
and Implementing</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">: This is more
related to hazard identification, risk assessment, risk evaluation, risk management
by providing the controls, setting the safety objectives and targets,
arrangement of resources, developing management programmes to achieve the safety
targets, ensure the sources of information, ensure the safe system of work along with permit to work system, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4) Evaluation/
monitoring and measurement: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> It is more related to monitoring and review
the effectiveness of controls put in risk management and safety objective and
targets. It may involve the monitoring of leading and lagging safety indicators
by reviewing of safety performance, may include reviewing the accidents and ill-health
statistics, the performance of safety targets, corrective actions against unsafe
act and unsafe conditions, performance of <b><i>safety management system</i></b>
other elements, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">5) Corrective
and improvement actions: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">This
element of safety management system focused on corrective/ improvement actions
on deficiencies identified during review process. It may require amending the company policy,
risk controls, organization, resources and arrangement for implementation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">6) Safety
management system <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">audits</a>:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> This
element focused on health checkup of safety management system. It should be independent
and systematic for detail examination of the <b><i>safety management system</i></b>.
It gives the feedback to SMS system review process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">7) Continual
Improvement:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Continual
improvement is stepwise improvement to promote sustainable business. The <b><i>safety management system</i></b>
should not stagnate as the static system degrades the performance of any management
system. With the changes in the work environment, hazards and risks can also change
and therefore to make the system more appropriate and useful for the organization,
we must focus on continual improvement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">Safety
management system components</span></span></b></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety management
system components can be summarized as management commitment in the form of Safety
policy, safety objectives and targets, management programs or action plans to provide
the means and method to achieve the safety objective and targets, resource
allocation, roles and responsibilities at all level, competency related to
safety, safety accountabilities, appointment of key safety personnel, planning
and implementation, Risk management, safe system of work, monitoring and
measurement, review, corrective actions, emergency response, audit, continual improvement
and system documentation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: #0b5394; font-size: large;">Four
pillars of safety management system</span></span></b></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">We have already seen the elements of the safety
management system according to ILO-OSH 2001 and OHSAS-81001 which is applicable
to all types of industries and organizations. Now, following the advancement of
the system and the organizations having the most critical operations like the
aviation industries, the safety management system is summarized and implemented
by comprising the main components below. These main components are also called
the four pillars of the safety management system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS7Bu6yhKxi6YNdPWhI2XZ8Bljf9PDSWasi_udW6NJEYM-KxRwIkcFiCVCJvOoi4dAM1nyfQTBGSqDJy2B2CsexmQT1XggW-HdwYyqNGvQo7URTxW1zBx7rWZ1z4FKFSu33jxdxwhC2og/s1600/Four+pillars+of+safety+management+system.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Four pillars of safety management system" border="0" data-original-height="215" data-original-width="235" height="585" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS7Bu6yhKxi6YNdPWhI2XZ8Bljf9PDSWasi_udW6NJEYM-KxRwIkcFiCVCJvOoi4dAM1nyfQTBGSqDJy2B2CsexmQT1XggW-HdwYyqNGvQo7URTxW1zBx7rWZ1z4FKFSu33jxdxwhC2og/s640/Four+pillars+of+safety+management+system.jpg" title="Safety Management System and role of Safety Specialists" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Four pillars of safety management system</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">1) Safety policy and safety objectives</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2) Safety Risk Management (SRM)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3) Safety Assurance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4) Safety Promotion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">All above pillars or components provides the systematic
approach to managing the safety, including the necessary organizational
structures, accountabilities, policies, and procedures. The ultimate goal is to
reduce the risk at ALARP level by systematic process of safety assurance and
continual improvement for sustainable business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1) Safety policy and safety objectives<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety policy</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> must be documented, it must show the commitment of
top management about continual improvement in safety and health within the organization,
it must be relevant and appropriate to the organization and its functions.
Safety policy must provide the scope for short terms and long terms organizational
objectives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">A health and safety policy should be reviewed regularly
so that it remains current and relevant. It is suggested to review the policy
annually, however, there are other circumstances which could be considered for
reviews.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The purpose of the review is to keep the policy
up-to-date and accurate. During review, date of the previous review and current
date must be recorded on policy documents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Below are certain circumstances where policy must
be reviewed:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">After any changes in Legal obligations or introduction
of new legislation applicable to the organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">During any technological changes i.e. introduction
of new equipment, plant or processes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Organizational changes ie. changes to key personnel
or changes to the management structure of the organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">After any major incident/ accident, investigation,
or risk assessment may suggest that policy is not effective.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Any non-compliance observed in audit and proved
that it is not relevant to guideline and current conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Any changes to the type of work that organization
does.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety objective and Targets<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety objectives can be derived from safety
policy, legal requirements and risk assessment. Objectives must be SMART
(specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time framed) and monitored as
per frequency set by organizations. Target should be set for each objective and
must be achieved through systematic process of management programs or action
plans. The performance of objectives and
targets should be reviewed periodically. It is common practice that management
objectives are divided into departmental Key Performance Area (KPA) and Key
Performance Indicators (KPI) for better monitoring and achieving the targets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2) Safety Risk Management (SRM)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Risk management is the key component of safety management
system. Without assessing the risk, we cannot decide the relevant safety
controls to prevent the incidences or accidents. Risk assessment helps businesses
to allocate the appropriate and adequate resources, to estimate the financial
implications, to allocate the safety budget, the insurance coverage and much
more. This component, risk management,
is the main input for deciding the organizational objective and targets. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">There are three types of risk assessment ie.
Qualitative, Semi qualitative cum quantitative and Quantitative risk
assessment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Small scale industries and non-hazards industries
are generally adopting qualitative risk assessment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Medium scale industries and industries those are not
handling any hazardous chemicals are generally adopting Qualitative and semi qualitative-cum-quantitative
risk assessment method. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Large scale industries, chemicals, refineries and
petroleum (hazardous industries) are adopting both quantitative risk assessment
(QRA) and Semi quantitative risk assessment (qualitative-cum-quantitative). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">There are many techniques are being used to
identify the hazards, prioritize it, analyze, and assess the risk to decide the
controls based on risk level. Risk should be managed well to prevent accidents
and to minimize the consequences. Risk is the product of likelihood and consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Here is the suggested <b><i>sequence of process</i></b>
for any <b><i>risk management</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">a) Risk management procedure:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Develop the risk management procedure to describe the
systematic process of hazard identification and risk assessment. Here the risk
matrix and competency criteria of risk assessment team is also set. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">b) Hazard identification and prioritization:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Identify the workplace hazards including the
hazards related to each routine and non-routine activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">c) Risk analysis:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Analyze the risk by considering the existing
controls, evaluating the legal requirements, considering the detection/ communication
resources, type of activities (ie normal, abnormal or emergency), etc risk
should be analyze. The main objective of risk analysis is to understand and analyze
the safety issues,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">d) Risk assessment:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Assess the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">risk</a> by set risk matrix and industrial acceptance
criteria. Here we are deciding the risk level, whether it is acceptable or not.
It helps to decide the appropriate cost-effective controls.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">e) Deciding and providing the controls:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Control the risk by ensuring and providing the
adequate and effective controls. Below are <b>hierarchy of controls</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSLbtonBHPhEmDMIXjUdmmCdPPD7YCPkN9tpJeCQbKY06pRLrUeGitBpbIuPgzmJpUd8AZHNqzCq_SmzTrerI-L2w7GS5FKeJoKWJ_ZcKp-Gla_UK34agnQnqAW5gV6MIu1LE4r_bxNa4/s1600/Safety+Management+System+and+role+of+Safety+Specialists.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Hierarchy of hazard controls" border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="575" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSLbtonBHPhEmDMIXjUdmmCdPPD7YCPkN9tpJeCQbKY06pRLrUeGitBpbIuPgzmJpUd8AZHNqzCq_SmzTrerI-L2w7GS5FKeJoKWJ_ZcKp-Gla_UK34agnQnqAW5gV6MIu1LE4r_bxNa4/s640/Safety+Management+System+and+role+of+Safety+Specialists.jpg" title="Safety Management System and role of Safety Specialists" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hierarchy of controls</td></tr>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Eliminate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hazards</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Substitute the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hazards</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="trt0xe" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 3pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Isolate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">hazard</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_controls" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">engineering controls</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">Use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_controls" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">administrative controls</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="color: #222222;">And last is use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Personal Protective Equipment</a> (PPE)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="trt0xe" style="background: white; line-height: 32px; margin: 12pt 0in 8pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">i) Eliminate the hazards:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"> It is the most effective control to bring the risk at negligible level but in most of the cases it is impracticable and difficult to implement in existing system/process. It may be implemented during designing phase but still it may not be cost effective.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="trt0xe" style="background: white; line-height: 32px; margin: 12pt 0in 8pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">ii) Substitute the hazards</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">: This risk control method is very effective and may be implemented in existing process and most effectively implemented during designing stage but is expensive. Substituting the highly hazardous substance/chemical with less or nonhazardous one having same functionality without adverse the plant process is good idea.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="trt0xe" style="background: white; line-height: 32px; margin: 12pt 0in 8pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iii) Isolate the hazard: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">This risk control method is mostly used by all organizations and effective method for reducing the risk level by isolating the hazard. It provides the barrier between hazard and occupant or working peoples. Machine guarding is the best example of isolating the hazard.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iv) Use engineering controls</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">: Engineering control helps to remove the hazard at the source thus </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 34.6667px;">controlling exposures to the peoples in the workplace. It provides the independent high level of protection to the occupants as it prevents the direct interactions with them.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">v) Use administrative controls</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">: It is less effective method of risk control and depends on human behaviour and organizational safety culture. It is adopted when there is no effective method suitable to reduce the hazard. It is time consuming and requires more effort to implement and sustain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">vi) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">: It is considered as last resort or last line of defense and should not be considered during risk management. But still it is important as it provide the barrier between hazard and workmen after failure of all above controls.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">3) Safety assurance<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">As safety is sate or condition in which the risk is reduced to and maintained at or below acceptable level through continuous process of hazard identification and risk assessment, and subject to change with changes in work environment, safety assurance component of <b><i>safety management system</i></b> helps to evaluate the effectiveness of risk management. It helps to evaluate the effectiveness and relevancy of implemented controls over the hazards. It also supports to identify the new hazards due to changes in the work environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Safety assurance includes;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">i. Safety performance monitoring and measurement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">ii. Incident investigation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iii. The management of change<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iv. Assurance of legal requirements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">v. Inspection, monitoring, measurement, audits and effectiveness of corrective actions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">vi. Continual improvement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">It is continuous practice to ensuring the controls over risk. It also helps to identify the problems/ defect proactively so that corrective measures can be taken to prevent non compliance or incidents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">4) Safety promotion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">This component of <b><i>safety management system</i></b> is more related to create and improve the safety culture of an organization at all level. It includes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">i. Training, education and competency<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">ii. Safety communication and awareness<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iii. Participation & Consultation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">i. Training, education and competency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">If the workforce is competent for the tasks or work assigned to them, there is less risk to incident/accident. Competence is something related to individual qualification, skill and experience in particular subject or task. Training and education help to improve the skill of the individual. The organization must maintain the record and consider this factor during new recruitment. The identification of training need should be carried out annually on the basis of gap analysis. Line mangers/ supervisors must provide input to HR department by identifying the gap for training needs. Based on training need identification of the individual worker, HR or training department should organize the relevant training program to enhance the competency of workforce.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Safety management system training<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Here are the two main factors that the organization may consider when developing health and safety training programs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">A. Safety and health mandatory trainings:</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"> Training on risk management, emergency and response plan, firefighting, HSE policy, general operational risks, permit to work, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Below training programs should be considered as mandatory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">HSE Induction</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Training on Firefighting and other emergency procedures.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">First-aid Training</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Accident and incident reporting procedures.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Training on Personal protective equipment requirements.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Introduction to the safe systems of work and permit systems.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Introduction to the risk assessment system.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Traffic safety and security systems</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">B. Technical training/ Skills development training</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Training on operating / maintenance procedures</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Training on method statements,</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Occupational health and hygiene monitoring,</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Plant and machine operation related</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Incident investigation</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Training on HAZOP, etc</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">ii. Safety communication and awareness<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">The organization must establish and implement the appropriate means, methods / procedures for effective communication in order to make its staff / workers aware of health and safety.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Safety communication</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"> can take many forms and helps the organization develop and improve the positive safety culture. Here are the main modes of <b><i>safety communication</i></b> generally used in industries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">a) Oral safety communication<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">b) Written safety communication<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">c) Graphical or pictorial safety communication<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">There are many ways and forums to communicate health and safety information to workers and improve their level of awareness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">i) <b><i>Safety and health induction</i></b> must be interlocked with gate pass/ security pass process where general workplace hazards and company rules can be communicated. Awareness on company safety and health policy is mandatory for all staff and workers including visitors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">ii) Conduct daily <b><i>safety toolbox talk</i></b> before start of any work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iii) <b><i>safety Picture/poster/visual aid</i></b> is the best way to communicate the desired message as there is no barriers of languages. <b><i>Safety signage</i></b> should be displayed at prominent locations to cautions or alert workmen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iv) <b><i>Email/ newsletter</i></b> in local languages, display on notice board, etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">v) Conduct regular meeting to share the HSE information.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">vi) Organize training with video aids.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">vii) Arranged weekly/monthly motivational programs for rewarding with small token and communicate the desired messages on health and safety.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">viii) Carry out routine inspections and advice safe work procedure on spot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">ix) Share incident/ accident case studies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">x) Develop safety handbook and distribute to staff and workers during safety induction, etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">The most important safety information to provide to workers is about the health and safety risks identified in their risk assessments and the essential precautionary and protective measures to control the risks. It must be specific to their work activities. Other important information to make the workmen fully aware on safety and health should be;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Awareness on safe evacuation procedure, company HSE policy and other rules, Operating / maintenance / inspection / HSE procedures and safe work practices, General hazards and risk in the workplace Ex. Information on H2S must be communicated to everyone in the oil and gas industries, the location of welfare facilities, safe movement around the workplace, worker consultation arrangements, general safety rules, welfare facilities, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iii. Participation & Consultation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Employee participation and consultation is a very important aspect of the <b><i>safety management system</i></b> for developing a positive safety culture in the organization. It helps motivate workers through empowerment, that is, they will feel ownership of safety and health and thus contributes to improving their safety behavior. They will start participating in the safety initiative and the improvement program. Consulting workers on the decision-making process encourages their interest and ownership of health and safety.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">ILO-C155, article 12 and ILO-R164, article 20 provide detailed guidance on worker participation and consultation. It has been observed that in some countries the employer is required to consult their workers on health and safety issues, so this is a legal obligation. In many countries, it is not legal requirements, still they have consult to their workers on below safety issues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">a) Any changes in the existing safety control measures which may affect the safety and health of the workers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">b) Employer must consult the workers while appointing safety practitioner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">c) When employer is developing the safety and health training plans, he must consult the workers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">d) Before introduction of new process or technology that may affect the safety and health of workers in workplace. etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 37.3333px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Example of safety management system</span></span></b></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">The basic framework of <b><i>safety management system</i></b> is common in all types of industries. Hazardous industries must develop a robust <b><i>safety management system</i></b> by identifying all workplace hazard including hazards associated with their routine and nonroutine activities for sustainable business. Identification of all type of hazards i.e hazards associated with plant equipment, process, chemicals, activities, job factor and human factors provide the solid base for risk assessment and to develop the accident prevention programs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">To know more about type of hazards and safety, you may click here<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">To framework the robust<b><i> safety management system</i></b>, organizations must assess their safety and health requirements based on their associated hazards, type of neighboring industries, neighboring communities and all other stakeholder. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) and environment impact assessment study (EIA) may be considered as input for developing any safety management system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Here are some <b><i>safety management system examples</i></b> framed by different international agencies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><b><i>a) The International Labor Organization (ILO)</i></b>, United nations agency, provides the basic guideline on framework of safety management system in ILO-OSH 2001.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><b><i>b) OHSAS-18001,</i></b> Occupation health and safety management system introduced by British and Polish standard (from 1999 to 2018)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><b><i>c) ISO-45001:</i></b> occupational safety and health management system framed by international organization for standardization. It is more related to certification purpose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><b><i>d) <a href="https://www.osha.gov/" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration-line: none;">OSHA</span></a></i></b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><b><i>,</i></b> The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration also provide the framework and guidelines on safety management system<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><b><i>e) <a href="http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg65.htm" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration-line: none;">HS(G)65</span></a></i></b><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><b><i>,</i></b> provide the framework and guidelines on safety management system by British Health and Safety Executive</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">All standards are providing the guideline on safety management system, adoption of standards is purely based on the type of industries or business and their location countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 37.3333px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Safety management system in aviation industry</span></span></b></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><b><i>Federal aviation administration (FAA)</i></b> provide the detail knowledge and awareness on aviation safety management system. The framework of <b><i>aviation safety management system</i></b> is similar to SMS explained in above part of this article. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">As the hazard exposure to number of occupants (peoples/passenger in aircraft) is higher and consequences may be more significant, high level of safety management system with zero tolerance in compliance is required.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">The major challenges in <b><i>aviation safety management system</i></b> is to manage the sudden changes in weather or extreme weather condition which is out of human control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Human factor</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"> is very important in <b><i>aviation safety management system</i></b> to facilitate quick precise decision by pilot and traffic control operator in crisis scenarios.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">The aviation industry has evolved over the years and maintaining the highest safety standards. Aviation safety management system helps to follow a continuous process of improvement in air safety.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">To ensure continual improvement in <b><i>aviation safety management system</i></b>, below major factors must be assured effectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">i. Incident/accidents investigation and accident causation theory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">ii. Positive safety culture<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iii) Human factors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">In the early years of aviation in the 1950s there were several numbers of aircraft accident happened frequently and investigating team believed that improvement in technology and focusing on technical reliability would be able to reduce the number of accidents. Thus, in earlier days, peoples were more focused on technical upgradation but after improvements in technology, accidents still continue to happened.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Then in the 1970s, the focus shifted to human factors and quality management, which had a stress on standardization and consistency, but even that it didn’t succeed to prevent the accidents although quality management did reduce the number of accidents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">In 1996 , the aviation industry looked at accident causation through the prism of James reasons theory that accidents are not the result of a single factor but a chain of events. Then the attention of the airline industry tern to focus on human factor and they understood that people can react to the same situation differently based on their thoughts, experiences and state of mind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Here the basic concept emerge that the entire aviation organization is responsible for any accident or inversely the entire organization may contribute to stoppage of an accident.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">In earlier days, another major factor in accident investigation approaches was they more emphasis for answers to “what happened”, “when did it happen” and “who is to blame”. But presently, investigation team is emphasizing on “how it happened” and “why it happened”. Thus, blame culture finished and more focused on ensuring that it should not happen again and aimed at improvement of aviation safety management system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">After implementation of <b><i>safety management system</i></b>, aviation industries able to manage the continual improvement of safety standards and processes has brought number of aircraft crashes down.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 37.3333px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Safety management system software</span></span></b></h3>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Safety management system software</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"> in form of e-tool may be more useful in current situations as it provides the best industrial practices related to your type of industry. These software’s provide different module based practical assistance on safety performance monitoring and its trend and monitoring and measurement of return on safety investment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Safety management system software</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"> may help for measuring, monitoring and communicating the information on<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">a) Management of change<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">b) Risk assessment, gas dispersion modeling, etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"> c) Environment impact assessment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">d) Crises management and mass communication<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">e) Incident reporting and investigation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">f) Audit management<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">f) legal compliances<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">g) Workplace inspection and reporting of unsafe conditions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">h) industrial hygiene survey.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">i) Health monitoring of workers/ staff and maintaining master data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">j) Safety communications and safety alert,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">k) Workers stress monitoring and record keeping, etc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Below is the list of safety management software available in market<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">i) <b><i>Ensure compliance – Pharmacovigilance audits</i></b>: it provides the software services for audit management in Pharma industries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">ii) Crises Control software:</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"> This software is for crises communication and helps organizations to notify the emergency call in fastest way.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iii) incy.io:</span></i></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"> This software helps organization to manage its incident reporting and investigation system. It also assist for follow-up actions and handle root cause analysis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iv) Safety Management Software by ASK:</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"> It is a multi-featured software help management to manage all aspect of safety management system requirements by managing real-time EHS records and compliances on fingertips.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">v) QUENTIC safety management software</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">: It help management to maintain the documentation and assess the risks, determine safeguards, reduce the potential for accidents and hazards to health. It is suitable for any small, medium or large industries and built according to OHSAS 18001 and new ISO 45001.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">vi) EHS management software</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">: It help to manage all aspect of safety management system including risk assessment, incident reporting and investigation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 37.3333px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Safety management system template</span></span></b></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Here you can find different safety management templates which we are continuously updating, all these templates are free, you can download and use for your organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">i) Incident investigation checklist<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">ii) Incident investigation report template<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iii) Near-miss report<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">iv) Portable power tool inspection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">v) Job safety analysis format<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">vi) HSE induction format<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Role of Safety specialist in Safety Management
System</span></span></b></h3>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It is legal requirement in almost all countries
that organizations (considering the number of employees/workers) must have
access to appropriate competent people to give them health and safety advice.
These safety specialists or "safety practitioners" may work within
the organization or may be brought in from outside as consultant. They are
responsible for giving correct advice to the organization so that the
organization can comply its legal obligations and achieve its policy objective
& targets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Their roles and responsibilities are:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Providing advice and guidance in implementation of
SMS & health and safety standards.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Promoting a positive health and safety culture.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Advising management on accident prevention,
accident reporting and investigations.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Developing and implementing policy.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Directing the development of adequate risk
assessments.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Identifying training needs.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Monitoring health and safety performance.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><a href="https://www.tkqlhce.com/click-100224146-14314857" target="_top">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Other than above, He must guide management to
maintain below health and safety records<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">PPEs issue register.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Record of statutory training and
skill development.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Record of workers competency.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Record of workers health and safety
violation and disciplinary actions.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Record of workers medical fitness
and periodic medical check.</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Record of Hazard and risk
assessment and communication to workers, etc</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety Specialist/ practitioners competency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety practitioners must be qualified and experienced
in health and safety. Below framework of their competency is suggested.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2M7Uj087XIcXGC5ZLYXdycZ4tEpuixuRebmWFS3qP64Fbr8kT7We0ffOEV-CToAZ9OnVQuiGG1B8TDO6Tn_KNoUBrTypc0TfUqxXW6Ai5ozPioXakiDd6_G5dmLp054Q9KrmusuWqcwk/s1600/Safety+management+system+and+role+of+Safety+specialist.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Safety Management System and role of Safety Specialist" border="0" data-original-height="889" data-original-width="1336" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2M7Uj087XIcXGC5ZLYXdycZ4tEpuixuRebmWFS3qP64Fbr8kT7We0ffOEV-CToAZ9OnVQuiGG1B8TDO6Tn_KNoUBrTypc0TfUqxXW6Ai5ozPioXakiDd6_G5dmLp054Q9KrmusuWqcwk/s640/Safety+management+system+and+role+of+Safety+specialist.png" title="Safety Management System and role of Safety Specialist" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Competency of Safety Specialist</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif"><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.anrdoezrs.net/click-100224146-14314858" target="_top">
<img alt="MyPerfectResume.com" border="0" height="79" src="https://www.awltovhc.com/image-100224146-14314858" width="640" /></a></div></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">To know more about qualities and attributes of
safety practitioner, <a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2020/02/qualities-attributes-occupational-health-safety-practitioner.html" target="_blank">click here</a><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: top;">
<b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Safety management system course</span></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Below reputed institutes are organizing, providing
and conducting regular as well as correspondence courses on safety management
system worldwide. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">NEBOSH safety courses<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">There
is huge demand and most recognized NEBOSH courses are a valuable introduction
to occupational safety and health management system. They are suitable for any
employee, at any level, in any sector.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">These courses are of two types ie. certificate courses
and diploma courses<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Certificate safety courses</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">National General Certificate in Occupational Health
and Safety</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">International General Certificate in Occupational
Health and Safety</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">National Certificate in Fire Safety and Risk
Management</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">International Certificate in Fire Safety and Risk
Management</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">National Certificate in Construction Health and
Safety</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">International Certificate in Construction Health
and Safety</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">NEBOSH HSE Certificate in Process Safety Management</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">NEBOSH HSE Certificate in Health and Safety
Leadership Excellence</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">National Certificate in the Management of Health
and Well-being at Work</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">International Technical Certificate in Oil and Gas
Operational Safety</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">NEBOSH Diploma safety courses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">National Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">International Diploma in Occupational Health and
Safety</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">National Diploma in Environmental Management</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">IOSH safety courses<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Technical Member (Tech IOSH)</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Graduate Member (Grad IOSH)</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Chartered Member (CMIOSH)</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Chartered Fellow (CFIOSH)</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Certified Safety Professional (CSP)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Certified safety professional is the highest
qualification in the filed of safety management and certificate is offered by
board of safety professionals. The accreditation is used in the United States</span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Below is the basic qualification requiring becoming
a certified safety professional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">A minimum of a bachelor’s degree in any field or an
associate in safety</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The associate degree must include at least four
courses with at least 12 semesters </span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4 years of safety experience at professional level.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Below qualifications may make you eligible to become
CSP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Chartered Member of the Institution of Occupational
Safety and Health</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">NEBOSH National or International Diploma in
Occupational Health and Safety</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Diploma/Certificate in Industrial Safety, as issued
by the State Government Departments/Boards of Technical Education, Government
of India</span></li>
<li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Fire and Safety Forum Advanced & Post-Graduate
and Master Diploma and </span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Conclusion:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety Management System (SMS)</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> provides the systematic & structural approach to
manage workplace health and safety within an organization. <b><i>Safety
management system</i></b><i> </i>is a systematic approach to managing the
safety, including the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities,
policies, and procedures Competent Safety practitioners guiding/ advising
management to develop, implement and maintain the safety management system. These
are also called as <b><i>elements of safety management system </i></b>according
to ILO-OSH 2001 and OHSAS-81001 which is applicable to all types of industries
and organizations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> The <b><i>main
components of safety management system</i></b> are Safety policy and safety
objectives, Safety Risk Management (SRM), Safety Assurance and Safety Promotion.
These are generally called as <b><i>four pillars of safety management system.</i></b>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety specialist/ practitioner</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> are the main drivers of <b><i>safety management
system</i></b> and their major role is to support and guide the management for
effective development and implementation of system. They must be competent enough
to give guidance on legal requirement and help organization to monitor the
performance of <b><i>safety management system.</i></b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: left;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">You may
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or reviews. Everything we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our
knowledge sharing, reviews are as honest and unbiased as possible.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt;">
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of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at no additional
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are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p></span></div>
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-19492840681047167712023-02-04T18:28:00.000+01:002023-02-04T18:28:24.273+01:00Electrical Safety in Workplace – Hazards and Risk<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical safety</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> is one of the most important
elements of health and safety. Although everyone knows that high voltage is
dangerous, low voltage current can also cause serious accidents if not handled
properly. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKhS3H786crtojrdx7zcG5fQPHLJ3Z1boOxDpeLrPcix6OhyU7pETwLwUeM3DVV1qnKQYWZqlsyB7k29tzAKQ7nB_GjZyK36Hx-W34-g-id6Ge8moNJ68uOUYwdq2wuDE2vJVGa2sblLw/s900/Electrical-Safety-in-Workplace+-Hazards-Risk.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Electrical Safety in Workplace – Hazards and Risk" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKhS3H786crtojrdx7zcG5fQPHLJ3Z1boOxDpeLrPcix6OhyU7pETwLwUeM3DVV1qnKQYWZqlsyB7k29tzAKQ7nB_GjZyK36Hx-W34-g-id6Ge8moNJ68uOUYwdq2wuDE2vJVGa2sblLw/s16000/Electrical-Safety-in-Workplace+-Hazards-Risk.jpg" title="Electrical Safety in Workplace – electrical Hazards and Risk. electrical safety tips" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Electrical Safety tips in Workplace – electrical Hazards and Risk</td></tr></tbody></table><span><a name='more'></a></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span><p></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt;">Electrical Safety in Workplace</span></b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/electrical.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Electrical Safety</a></span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> procedure helps to control over
hazards and minimize the risk by adopting set standards and safe work
practices. Many accidents can be avoided if electrical equipment is designed,
installed, operated and maintained in accordance with approved codes of
practice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 37.44px; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 53.3333px;">What is Electrical Safety?</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;">Electrical safety</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"> is the ongoing practice and process of <b><i>identifying electrical hazards</i></b>, assessing the risk, and implementing controls <b><i>to prevent electrocution</i></b>, <b><i>burns, or other injuries</i></b>. <b><i>Electrical Safety</i></b> formulates guidelines to prevent, mitigate <b><i>electrical hazards</i></b> and minimize the severity of the consequences.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 37.3333px;"><br /></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Importance of
electrical safety procedure in workplace</span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">To install electrical
equipment or work on any electrical equipment safely in the workplace, <b><i>electrical
safety procedure</i></b> must be developed and followed to achieve the
following goals;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">👉 Inform employees about
legal requirements for <b><i>electrical safety</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">👉 Establish a <b><i>safe
procedure</i></b> to protect all company employees and contractors engaged in
electrical work.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">👉 To <b><i>minimize
accidents</i></b> involving electricity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">👉 Develop a <b><i>safety
inspection system</i></b> for various portable power tools and other electrical
equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">👉 To <b><i>avoid confusion</i></b>
in the responsibility of performing activities involving electricity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">👉 Always <b><i>maintain
electrical equipment</i></b> in good condition.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Electricity Hazards
and Risk</span></b></h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;">The <b><i>primary hazards
and risks associated with electricity</i></b> are</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Direct contact with
current can cause electric shock and internal burns. It can also interfere with
the nervous system and may contract muscles, causing a heart attack, stopping
breathing, or muscle spasms.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Without current in the
body, i.e. the arc can cause severe burns and radiation burns. The UV and IR
rays emitted by the arc can damage the eyes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Electric ignition /
static electricity can cause fire and explosion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Strong electromagnetic
fields which can cause electrocution of the whole body, cataract formation in
the eye, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></p>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;">Secondary hazards
and risks associated with electricity</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">are:<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Muscle contraction can
cause a person to fall from a height and can result in serious injury.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Interference with the
nervous system can cause heart and lungs failure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">General electrical
safety rules and safety tips</span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"></p><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Do not work near overhead
power lines.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Do not enter an
electrical substation or other marked prohibited electrical areas.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Before use, inspect
portable electrical equipment, extension cords, electrical outlets, plugs,
power bars and other electrical accessories for any damage and immediately
repair or replace if damaged or worn.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">To avoid excessive
currents in the wiring which can cause a fire, always use a fuse of the correct
size.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">If you notice an unusual warm/
hot cord, unplug it immediately and check the wiring by a qualified
electrician.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Always secure extension
cords to walls or floors with duct tape if necessary, instead of using nails
and staples to avoid damage.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Always use extension
cords or equipment suitable for your use.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Always use a
non-conductive stand or ladder when working with overhead power lines or
electrical equipment.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Label all critical
electrical safety systems, including circuit breakers and fuse boxes.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Damaged cords or plugs
should not be used and repaired immediately.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">To avoid the risk of
fire, halogen lamps should be installed away from combustible materials.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Always use <b><i>earth
leakage circuit breakers</i></b> or </span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> (GFCIs) to avoid the <b><i>risk of
electric shock</i></b> when working near a wet or damp area.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Always make sure that </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">exposed receptacle boxes </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">are made of non-conductive materials.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Labeling must be ensured
for the location of the panel and circuit breakers to help in the event of an
emergency. Make them accessible.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">In the event of an
electric shock or contact with an electrical incident, do not touch a person or
any electrical device before disconnecting the power source.</span></li></ul><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"> </span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Summary</span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It is important to note
that an <b><i>electric shock </i></b>can only occur if the circuit is completed. The severity
of electrical injuries depends on the amount of current flowing through the
body, the shortest current path, the duration of contact, and the frequency of
the current. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><b style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Overheating, ground
leaks, overloads, and electrical arcs due to loose connection are the main
causes of electrical fires</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">.</span> </p><p><br /></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You may find affiliate
links in this article. This means that if you click on a link and purchase any
of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at no additional
cost to you, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions or reviews. Everything
we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews
are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-41009439041881984852023-02-04T18:27:00.000+01:002023-02-04T18:27:42.415+01:00Electrical Safety Rules for Industries under Indian Electricity Rules 1956/2020<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;">General Electrical
Safety Rules</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">: To
install electrical equipment or work on any electrical equipment safely in the
workplace, <b><i>general electrical safety rules</i></b> must be followed according
to <b><i>Indian Electricity Rule 1956</i></b>, revised in 2020, to prevent
electrical incidents. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrx0MDH42Ei2ZhGLFm4sApHgbLzduewI1IEmQ8zuS7nNS6WLUrJOmEbneMUp4rfeHraQxcdpioCePpgasSZY1un3oDT1riA7vUAtxa8F-UAIo-Sn5sBHHADWRgDEFsH9PoQUwhMVHFyxk/s900/indian-electricity-rule-1956-2020-electrical-safety+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Electrical Safety Rules for Industries under Indian Electricity Rules 1956/2020" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrx0MDH42Ei2ZhGLFm4sApHgbLzduewI1IEmQ8zuS7nNS6WLUrJOmEbneMUp4rfeHraQxcdpioCePpgasSZY1un3oDT1riA7vUAtxa8F-UAIo-Sn5sBHHADWRgDEFsH9PoQUwhMVHFyxk/s16000/indian-electricity-rule-1956-2020-electrical-safety+%25281%2529.jpg" title="Electrical Safety Rules for Industries under Indian Electricity Rules 1956/2020" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Electrical Safety Rules for Industries</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span><p></p><h2><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><b> </b></span><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Electrical Safety Rules for Industries under Indian
Electricity Rules 1956/2020<span><a name='more'></a></span><span><br /></span></span></b></h2><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span></span></span></b><p></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt;">Electrical Safety Rules for Industries</span></h3>
<p class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">If you are an electrical engineer or
safety practitioner, you must have knowledge of the </span><i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">legal obligations related to
electrical safety</span></i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">. Reading the full rules under </span><i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity Rule 1956</span></i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> is a tedious job and you may not
have enough time, which is why we have extracted the important legal
requirement and identified the most important things that help you become an
expert in </span><i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">electrical safety</span></i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Statutory Requirements under Indian Electricity Rules 1956</span></h3>
<p class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Important </span><i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">statutory rules covering electrical safety</span></i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> are reproduced below. For
details one must refer to full text under </span><i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity Rules 1956</span></i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-29<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">All electric supply lines and apparatus shall be of
sufficient ratings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoTitle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-30<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Power supply lines, wires,
accessories and devices must be kept in a safe condition and suitable in all
respects for the supply of energy and free from any danger.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Lines located underground or
accessible must be insulated and protected so as to be secure under all
ordinary conditions against electrical, mechanical, chemical or other damage to
the insulation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-32<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The earthed and grounded neutral
conductor and the position of switches and circuit breakers must be appropriately
identified.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-33<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">A suitable earth terminal must be
provided and maintained in an accessible position at or near the start point of
the supply.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-34<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Wherever bare conductors are used,
they should be inaccessible and fitted with switches in an easily accessible
position to make them dead whenever necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-35<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">A danger notice in Hindi or English
and the local language with a skull and bone sign (as specified in IS No. 2551)
must be permanently affixed on all medium, high and very high voltage
installations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-36<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Anyone working on an electrical power
line or device or both must be provided with tools and safety devices such as
gloves, rubber shoes, seat belts, ladders, grounding devices, helmets, line
testers, hand lamps, etc. to protect it against mechanical or electrical
injury. These tools and devices must always be maintained in healthy and
efficient working conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">No one shall work on a live electrical
power line or device and no one shall assist such a person on such work, unless
he is authorized to do so.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-37<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">All overhead cranes to which power is
supplied from an external source must be equipped with an appropriate cut-off switch
to cut off all voltage in a single operation. The entire structure of this
equipment must be properly grounded.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-38<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Flexible cables must not be used for
motors, generators, transformers, rectifiers, electric drills, electric sprayers,
welding stations or any other portable or transportable device, unless they are
strongly insulated and adequately protected against mechanical damage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-39<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">All pipes, conduits to which the
power supply line may have been drawn must be effectively sealed at their entry
/ exit point in any street box.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-40<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Street boxes should not contain gas
lines and precautions should be taken to prevent any influx of water or gas.
All street boxes should be inspected regularly for the presence of gas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-41<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Any power plant, substation, junction
box, pillar or supply pole in which a circuit or device is located must be
distinguished from one another by means of a permanent identification.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-41A<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Any installation comprising a
substation, bipolar, structure, quadrupole structure or any other structure
having more than one power supply must be distinguished from other
installations by means of a permanent identification.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-42<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">All circuits and electrical devices
must be arranged in such a way that there is no danger of accidentally charging
any part of them to a voltage beyond the limit for which they are intended. If
the AC and DC circuits are installed on the same support, they must be arranged
/ separated and protected so that they do not come into contact with each other
when energized.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-43<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Adequate arrangements for fighting
electrical fires must be installed and maintained. A first aid kit and personal
protective equipment must be available in sufficient quantity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-44<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Instructions for catering for people
with electric shock should be posted in English or Hindi and the local language
in prominent places. An artificial respirator must be provided and maintained
in good working order in each inhabited high voltage or very high voltage power
plant.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-44A<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Any accident related to the
production, transport, supply or use of electricity that has resulted in the
loss of human or animal life or injury to a human being or an animal must be
reported to the authorities concerned within the 48 hours in the prescribed
form no. XIII. The fatal accident must be reported by telegram within 24 hours,
then in the prescribed form no. XIII within 48 hours.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-45<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Contractors licensed by the state
government should only be deployed to perform all electrical installation work,
including additions, modifications, repairs and adjustments to existing
installations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-46<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">All electrical installations should
be tested and inspected at periodic intervals not to exceed five years by a
licensed electrical inspector.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-61A<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">An earth leakage protection device
should be provided wherever necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-67<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">All non-current-carrying metal parts
associated with high voltage and very high voltage installations must be
effectively earthed to an appropriate earthing system.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-90<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">All metal supports and all reinforced
and prestressed cement concrete supports of overhead lines and attached metal
accessories must be permanently and effectively earthed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-91<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Any overhead line erected on any part
of a street or other public place must be protected by an appropriate device.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Indian Electricity</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;"> Rule-92<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The ground wire of any surge arrester
should not pass through any iron or steel pipe, but should be conducted as
directly as possible from the surge arrester to a separate earth electrode,
avoiding bends where possible.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">All above </span><b><i style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Important statutory electrical rules</span></i><i style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></i></b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">covering<i>
</i></span><i style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><b>electrical safety</b></span></i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><i> </i></b>are extracted from </span><i style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><b>Indian Electricity Rules 1956</b></span></i><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><i>,
latest revision 2020</i></b>. For details, you must refer to full text unde<b><i>r <a href="https://www.dgms.net/IErules1956.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Indian </a></i></b></span><i style="text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><b><a href="https://www.dgms.net/IErules1956.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Electricity Rules 1956</a></b>.</span></i> </p><p><br /></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You may find affiliate
links in this article. This means that if you click on a link and purchase any
of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at no additional
cost to you, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions or reviews. Everything
we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews
are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-71823658125638523992023-02-04T18:26:00.003+01:002023-02-04T18:26:52.434+01:0022 Common Causes of Electrical Accidents and Electrical Safety Tips<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="https://www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/electrical.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Electrical safety</a></span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> is the ongoing practice and process of identifying <b><i><a href="https://www.osha.gov/electrical/hazards" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">electrical hazards</a></i></b>, assessing risk,
and implementing controls to <b><i>prevent electrocution, burns, or other
injuries</i></b>. Formulates guidelines to prevent, mitigate electrical hazards
and minimize the severity of the consequences.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgztcjVjwjgkAbfPvO0Zg0Sa4gZ5bfacvpYwxwVVE2XUkuOluFYtV7L0AlIWeh2tGU0MVVPLqCAQaOwV2IwunTox5tf1XQLzwGVc887cIKvYN_grcyEMbQStijb_EA6W1yBjt-x0a4KHig/s900/Causes-of-electrical-accidents-electrical-Safety.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="22 Common Causes of Electrical Accidents and Electrical Safety Tips" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgztcjVjwjgkAbfPvO0Zg0Sa4gZ5bfacvpYwxwVVE2XUkuOluFYtV7L0AlIWeh2tGU0MVVPLqCAQaOwV2IwunTox5tf1XQLzwGVc887cIKvYN_grcyEMbQStijb_EA6W1yBjt-x0a4KHig/s16000/Causes-of-electrical-accidents-electrical-Safety.jpg" title="22 Common Causes of Electrical Accidents and Electrical Safety Tips" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Causes of Electrical Accidents</td></tr></tbody></table><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></b><p></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">22 Common
Causes of Electrical Accidents and Electrical Safety Tips<span><a name='more'></a></span></span></b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Overheating, ground
leaks, overloads, and electrical arcs due to loose accessories are the main
causes of electrical fires</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">. A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_explosion" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">dust explosion</a> or flammable vapor cloud explosion may
also occur due to ignition by electrical sparks. In addition to this dynamic
electricity (the uniform movement of electrons through a conductor), <b><i><a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/static-electricity#:~:text=Static%20electricity%20is%20a%20familiar,acquire%20equal%20and%20opposite%20charges%E2%80%A6" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">static electricity</a></i></b> is also one of the main causes of fires and explosions in
oil and gas facilities.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Here are the <b><i>22
common causes of electrical accidents</i></b> that will help you to decide the
adequate and effective controls.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">22 common causes of electrical accidents</span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-1:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Inadequate examination,
identification, installation and use of equipment <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-2:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Improper or no grounding (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3265077/#:~:text=Earthing%20(also%20known%20as%20grounding,the%20ground%20into%20the%20body." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">earthing</a>)
of equipment<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-3:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Inadequate or no<a href="https://up.codes/s/guarding-of-live-parts" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> guarding of liveparts</a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-4:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Inadequate <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/electrical-isolation#:~:text=Electrical%20isolation%20may%20be%20required,personnel%20working%20on%20electrical%20equipment.&text=Electrical%20isolation%20should%20be%20performed,to%20lock%2Dout%20the%20breaker." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">isolation of electrical equipment</a> due to by-passing of standard procedures<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-5:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Insecure mounting of electrical
equipment<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-6:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Loose or improperly tightened
terminal connections<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-7:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Unused openings in the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> junction boxes</a> and electrical equipment<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-8:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Improper installations of <a href="https://osha.oregon.gov/OSHAPubs/factsheets/fs61.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">flexible cord and cables</a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-9:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Use of flexible cord and cable as a
substitute for fixed wiring<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-10:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Pulling of cables at joints and
terminals<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-11:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Inadequate or damaged insulation of
cables<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-12:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Layout of cables nearby hot
surfaces, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnace" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">furnaces</a> etc.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-13:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Ingress of chemical compounds in the
cable trenches or buried underground cables<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-14:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Improper <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splice" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">splicing</a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-15:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Inadequate working space around
electrical equipment<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-16:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Wet and/or damp locations<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-17:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Poor workplace illumination<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-18</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Metal objects such as watch
necklaces, rings etc.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-19</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Improper use of portable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_tool" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">power tools</a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-20</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Lack of proper inspection system for
tools and equipment<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-21:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Employment of
untrained workers for electrical jobs<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Cause Nos-22:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Failure to
use adequate personal protective equipment<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Safety Tips to prevent cause of electrical accidents</span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-1:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Develop and
implement <a href="https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/electrical.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Electrical safety</a> procedure for examination, identification,
installation and use of electrical equipment in workplace.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos -2:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Ensure proper
grounding (earthing) of equipment including electrical motors, transformers,
pumps, compressors, electrical panels, metal structures, hydrocarbon piping,
etc.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos -3:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Ensure
adequate guarding of live parts to avoid contact.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos -4:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Develop,
implement and maintain <a href="https://ohsonline.com/articles/2020/12/01/lockout-tagout-procedures-keep-it-simple-keep-it-safe.aspx" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">LOTO procedure</a> for adequate isolation of electrical
equipment.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos -5:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Ensure secured
mounting of electrical equipment<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-6:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Make sure the
terminal connections are tight to prevent sparking or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuit" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">short circuit</a>.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-7:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Seal properly
the unused openings in the junction boxes and electrical equipment.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-8:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Make sure
that all flexible cord and cables are properly installed or laid. Make
arrangement to prevent mechanical damage.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-9:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Avoid using
flexible cord and cable, use fixed wiring instead.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-10:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Don’t pull
the cables at joints and terminals.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-11:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;">Ensure
proper insulation of cables as inadequate or damaged insulation may cause fire.
Damaged cable insulation must be repair immediately.</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-12:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Avoid layout
of cables nearby hot surfaces, furnaces etc. All Electrical fitting must be
according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_equipment_in_hazardous_areas" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">electrical area classification</a>. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-13:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Make
adequate arrangement to prevent ingress of chemical compounds in the cable
trenches or buried underground cables.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-14:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Improper
splicing is major cause of electrical fire or shock and must be place in a Junction
Box or in the fixture to avoid hazards.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-15:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;">Ensure adequate
working space around electrical equipment.</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-16:</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Use </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Ground_fault_circuit_interrupter" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ground Fault
Circuit Interrupters</a></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Ground_fault_circuit_interrupter" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">
</a>(GFCIs) to avoid the risk of electric shock when working near a wet or damp
area.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-17:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Ensure
adequate illumination in workplace.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-18:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> Do not wear
metal objects such as watch, necklaces, rings, etc. while working on electrical
equipment.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<h4 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-19:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;">Before each
use of portable power tools, it must be inspected properly for any defects.
Damaged cord of portable power tools must be repair or replace immediately.</span><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></h4>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-20:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure#:~:text=A%20standard%20operating%20procedure%20(SOP,to%20comply%20with%20industry%20regulations." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Standard Operating Procedure</a> (SOP) and inspection checklist must be developed for proper
inspection of electrical tools and equipment.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-21:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> All
electrical work must be performed by competent electrician. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<h4 style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical Safety Tips
Nos-22:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;">Always use
appropriate personal protective equipment while performing electrical work.</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></h4><p><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;">All these </span><b style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"><i>22 common causes of electrical accidents</i></b><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"> and electrical safety tips will help you to decide the adequate and effective controls.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You may find affiliate
links in this article. This means that if you click on a link and purchase any
of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at no additional
cost to you, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions or reviews. Everything
we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews
are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></p><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-37546113775080959442023-02-04T18:26:00.002+01:002023-02-04T18:26:37.137+01:00Effects of Electric Current on Human Body: Electrical Safety Guide<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electrical energy</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> used in offices, workplaces, and
homes can cause serious injury to people from <b><i><a href="https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/electric-shock" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">electric shock</a></i></b>.
Electricity tends to form an easier closed path from power sources to the
device and back to the power source, this is called an <b><i>electrical closed
loop</i></b>. The current always tries to move or terminate the circuit with
the shortest path. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo55auXgfNio1yhhpOMbfI1c4y2WIMSxiFAV7DttE9Yve4Ddqi8SiQ8xydGSLmbO0zvPO6TqrmnpAY5YvCKLi56CzrT6kvFVMkmt-QHC5TGv6-QTvTQR6Pu2Bd0hIHRp0_pDNWUsQjqk8/s900/Effects+-of-+Electric-Current-on-Human-Body+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Effects of Electric Current on Human Body: Electrical Safety Guide" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo55auXgfNio1yhhpOMbfI1c4y2WIMSxiFAV7DttE9Yve4Ddqi8SiQ8xydGSLmbO0zvPO6TqrmnpAY5YvCKLi56CzrT6kvFVMkmt-QHC5TGv6-QTvTQR6Pu2Bd0hIHRp0_pDNWUsQjqk8/s16000/Effects+-of-+Electric-Current-on-Human-Body+%25281%2529.jpg" title="Effects of Electric Current on Human Body: Electrical Safety Guide" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Effects of Electric Current on Human Body</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span><span></span><p></p><a name='more'></a><p></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Effects of Electric Current on Human Body</span></b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">When the <b><i>human body
encounters electrical energy</i></b>, it serves as a conductor and forms the
closest path to complete the circuit by grounding, resulting in an <b><i><a href="https://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=163347" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">electric shock or burn</a></i></b> affecting the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nervous system</a> and contracting the muscles,
so the heart can stop beating cause heart failure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The <b><i>severity of
electrical injuries</i></b> depends on the amount of current flowing through
the body, the shortest current path, the duration of contact, and the frequency
of the current.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Human Resistance to Electric
Current</span></b></h3><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 224, 179); border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.44%;" valign="top" width="44%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Body Area/Condition<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(197, 224, 179); border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.56%;" valign="top" width="55%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Resistance in Ohms<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.44%;" valign="top" width="44%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Dry Skin<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.56%;" valign="top" width="55%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1,00,000 to 600,000<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.44%;" valign="top" width="44%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Wet Skin<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.56%;" valign="top" width="55%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1000<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.44%;" valign="top" width="44%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Internal Body (Hand to Foot)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.56%;" valign="top" width="55%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">400 to 600<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 44.44%;" valign="top" width="44%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Ear to Ear<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.56%;" valign="top" width="55%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">About 100<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Effects of
current on a Human Body</span></b></h3><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr style="break-inside: avoid; height: 13.9pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td colspan="3" style="background: rgb(197, 224, 179); border-bottom: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 13.9pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.34%;" valign="top" width="63%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Type of Current<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="background: rgb(197, 224, 179); border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 13.9pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.66%;" valign="top" width="36%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Effect<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 1; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="background: rgb(226, 239, 217); border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.12%;" valign="top" width="21%">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">AC 50Hz<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(226, 239, 217); border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20%;" valign="top" width="20%">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">DC<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(226, 239, 217); border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.22%;" valign="top" width="22%">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">AC 10,000 Hz<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 2; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.12%;" width="21%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">0-1 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20%;" width="20%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">0-5 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.22%;" width="22%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">0-9 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.66%;" width="36%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">No Sensation<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 3; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.12%;" width="21%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1-8 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20%;" width="20%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">6-55 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.22%;" width="22%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">10-55 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.66%;" width="36%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/electric-shock" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mild Shock</a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 4; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.12%;" width="21%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">9-15 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20%;" width="20%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">60-80 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.22%;" width="22%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">60-80 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.66%;" width="36%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Painful shock<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 5; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.12%;" width="21%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">16-20 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20%;" width="20%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">80-100 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.22%;" width="22%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">80-100 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.66%;" width="36%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Some loss of muscle control<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 6; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.12%;" width="21%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">20-45 mA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20%;" width="20%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">100-350 mA<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.22%;" width="22%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">-<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.66%;" width="36%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Severe shock and loss of muscle control<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 7; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.12%;" width="21%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">50-100 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20%;" width="20%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">400-800 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.22%;" width="22%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">-<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.66%;" width="36%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Possible heart failure<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="break-inside: avoid; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; page-break-inside: avoid;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 21.12%;" width="21%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Over 100 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 20%;" width="20%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Over 800 mA<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 22.22%;" width="22%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">-<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 36.66%;" width="36%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Usually fatal<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Severity of
Electric Shock</span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/injury-severity#:~:text=Severity%20and%20morbidity%20of%20trauma&text=Specific%20injuries%20in%20each%20body,)%20and%206%20(unsurvivable)." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">severity of injuries</a>
sustained in any given case due to electricity depends upon the following
factors:<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Type (AC or DC) of the
current</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Frequency of alternating
current</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Amperage of current</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Circuit voltage</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Path of the current
through body and duration of electric shock</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Resistance of the subject</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Phase of cardiac cycle at
which the current passes</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Electrical quantities
associated with human injury</span></li></ul><div><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">Wet body</span> </li></ul><p></p>
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of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at no additional
cost to you, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions or reviews. Everything
we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews
are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-73186876699935049942023-02-04T18:26:00.001+01:002023-02-04T18:26:25.232+01:00Myths and Misconceptions about Electricity: Electrical Safety Guide<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Misconceptions workers have about electricity</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> can lead
to serious <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">accidents</a> and property damage. In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">workplace</a>, there are many
situations where a real danger can arise as workers have to deal with
electrical eq<a name="_GoBack"></a>uipment. However, as in all areas, there are
many <b><i>myths and misconceptions</i></b>
that carry over into the <a href="https://www.iso9001help.co.uk/64.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">work environment</a>, which is ultimately where experience
forms.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgILKZzIIb6Ab_YgjHohPmIwHAdwYNLZhLTQBFvHp98BT72dzQKDrpMfs7qeEqsIfwKvKpSFz67sDhWatPZZEnWgjQudshn8I-Wh4smpCZaMd0x2x1jNpuAjGXItSbcNB-Sn-jlLokBxYI/s900/Myths--Misconceptions-about-Electricity.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Myths and Misconceptions about Electricity: Electrical Safety Guide" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgILKZzIIb6Ab_YgjHohPmIwHAdwYNLZhLTQBFvHp98BT72dzQKDrpMfs7qeEqsIfwKvKpSFz67sDhWatPZZEnWgjQudshn8I-Wh4smpCZaMd0x2x1jNpuAjGXItSbcNB-Sn-jlLokBxYI/s16000/Myths--Misconceptions-about-Electricity.jpg" title="Myths and Misconceptions about Electricity: Electrical Safety Guide" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Myths and Misconceptions about Electricity</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span><span></span><p></p><a name='more'></a><p></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Myths and Misconceptions about
Electricity</span></b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Misconceptions about
electricity</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> can lead to serious injury and death. <a href="https://www.managementstudyguide.com/what-are-competencies.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Competency</a> on the basis of
qualification, knowledge and experience must be assessed for each people before
authorizing to perform any <b><i>electrical work</i></b>. Supervisors must make sure their employees are
competent enough to work safely with and around electricity. The goal of this
article is to promote correct information in the workplace.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The following table
presents some of the most <b><i>common myths and misconceptions</i></b>, as
well as the facts:<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="background: rgb(168, 208, 141); border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.88%;" width="8%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">S.N.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(168, 208, 141); border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.78%;" width="37%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Myth<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: rgb(168, 208, 141); border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.34%;" width="53%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Fact<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.88%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.78%;" valign="top" width="37%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electricity takes the
path of least resistance. It implies that current only takes low-resistance
path.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.34%;" valign="top" width="53%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">In fact, current will
take any path, high or low resistance, in order to return to the source that
provides its power.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.88%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.78%;" valign="top" width="37%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Electricity wants to go
to ground. It is believed that electricity wants to go to ground and simply
disappear.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.34%;" valign="top" width="53%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">In reality, ground
serves as just one of the electrical loops that misdirected current can use
to go back to grounded power source.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.88%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.78%;" valign="top" width="37%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">If an electrical
appliance or tool falls in to a sink or tub of water, the item will short out
and trip the circuit breaker.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.34%;" valign="top" width="53%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">When an electrical tool
or appliance falls in to water, it does not short out. If switch is ‘ON’, the
item will continue to operate. If switched ‘OFF’, it will simply get wet. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">(Safety Note: Do not reach
into the water to retrieve the appliance or tool as water serves as an
electrical conducting path and may cause electric shock to person and lead to
severe or even fatal shock)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.88%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.78%;" valign="top" width="37%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">AC reverse polarity is
not hazardous<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.34%;" valign="top" width="53%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The power tools,
attachment plugs and receptacles should be properly wired so as not to
reverse the designated polarity. Many tools have switches in only one of the
two conductors supplying power to the item. The switch must be on the “hot”
conductor supplying the power. If the tool is plugged in to a receptacle with
reverse polarity and accidentally dropped in to water, all of the internal
wiring will be energized.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.88%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">5<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.78%;" valign="top" width="37%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It takes high voltage
to cause serious injury or 120 volts is not dangerous.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.34%;" valign="top" width="53%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Current is the culprit
that causes injury. Voltage just determines by what means. Under the right
condition, voltage as low as 60 volts can also cause serious injury. Respect
all voltages as having potential to kill.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.88%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">6<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.78%;" valign="top" width="37%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Double insulated power
tools are doubly safe and can be used in wet and damp locations.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.34%;" valign="top" width="53%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Read the manufacturer’s
operating instructions carefully. Double insulated power tools can be
hazardous if dropped in to water. Electrical current can flow out of the
power tool in to water.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 8.88%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">7<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.78%;" valign="top" width="37%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">People may mistakenly
consider a person who is unconscious after getting an electric shock, as
dead.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.34%;" valign="top" width="53%">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">It should not be. In
all such cases medical assistance should be obtained.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Summary</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">All <b><i>electrical work</i> </b>must be
carried out by competent electrician as <b><i>misconceptions
about electricity</i></b> can lead to serious accidents and property damage. <b><a href="https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/osha3075.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Electrical Safety Procedure</a></b> and
equipment inspection checklist must be implemented to control over <b><i>electrical risk in workplace</i></b>.
Proper training and education help to <b>avoid
<i>misconception about electricity</i> </b>and to ensure the safe workplace.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You may find affiliate
links in this article. This means that if you click on a link and purchase any
of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at no additional
cost to you, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions or reviews. Everything
we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews
are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-81372937873011793642023-02-04T18:26:00.000+01:002023-02-04T18:26:07.928+01:0030 Most Trusted Occupational Health and Safety Organizations Website in the World<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Here
you will find the details of <b><i>30 most trusted occupational Health and
Safety websites</i></b> managed by world most respected organizations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnyqss-CU462yYTxJ1zvf3NS-NUnv88heKXp36OYaw5I4CLeMBA4U1BV8S716EhB_jVPqCXQgtwruGyvcRhmoY0uK3eWoIYc-ZvmFLEosAgCcfB-PwTioZpzrrnq9W7FyPBZCVbsH3IFE/s900/global-occupational-health-safety-organizations-websites.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="30 Most Trusted Occupational Health and Safety Organizations Website in the World" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnyqss-CU462yYTxJ1zvf3NS-NUnv88heKXp36OYaw5I4CLeMBA4U1BV8S716EhB_jVPqCXQgtwruGyvcRhmoY0uK3eWoIYc-ZvmFLEosAgCcfB-PwTioZpzrrnq9W7FyPBZCVbsH3IFE/s16000/global-occupational-health-safety-organizations-websites.jpg" title="30 Most Trusted Occupational Health and Safety Organizations Website in the World" /></a></div><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">30
Most Trusted Occupational Health and Safety Organizations Website in the World</span></b></h2><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><a name='more'></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">If
you are a <b><i>Health and Safety practitioner</i></b> and want to <b><i>improve
the safety culture</i></b> in your organization or want to improve home safety,
you should visit the <b><i>website of these trusted organizations</i></b> to
gain knowledge, validate your decisions, and check for updates.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span></b><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/index.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration-line: none;">National
Institute for Occupational Safety & Health</span></b></a></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b><i>National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)</i></b> is the United States federal
agency established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and responsible
for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of
work-related injury and illness. </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <a href=" https://www.osha.gov/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><em><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Occupational Safety and
Health Administration</span></b></em><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> (<em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">OSHA)</span></b></em> is a largest regulatory agency of the United
States Department of Labor that originally had federal visitorial powers to
inspect and examine workplaces and issues emergency, temporary and most
stringent standard for occupational safety and healthcare, monitor the
compliance and make available the updated guidance for all industries.</span> <span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">OSHA ensure safe and healthy working
conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and providing
training, awareness, education and assistance.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">3. </span></b><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href=" https://www.nsc.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">National Safety Council</a></span></b></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">National Safety
Council</span></b></em> is leading nonprofit, public service organization
founded in 1913, promoting health and safety in the United States and focuses
on eliminating the leading causes of preventable injuries and deaths.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">4. </span></b><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.ilo.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">InternationalLabour Organization (ILO)</a></span></b></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The International Labour
Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency founded in October 1919 under the
League of Nations and has integrated many of its existing technical projects and
directive to advance social and economic justice through setting international
labour standards. ILO is the first and oldest specialized agency of the UN.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">5. </span><a href="https://osha.europa.eu/en" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">European Agency for Safety & Health at Work</span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14pt;">The </span><b style="font-size: 14pt;"><i>European Agency
for Safety and Health at Work</i></b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14pt;"> is a decentralized agency of the European
Union providing Occupational Safety and Health information across </span><em style="font-size: 14pt;"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">EU</span></b></em><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14pt;"> countries.
</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14pt;">It collects, analyses and disseminate
relevant information that can serve the needs of people involved in safety and
health at work.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">6. <a href="https://www.hse.gov.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Health and Safety Executive </a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b><i>Health and Safety
Executive</i></b> is a UK government agency responsible for the encouragement,
regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare, and for
research into occupational risks in Great Britain. This agency playing key role
in advising, guiding, news, templates, tools, legislation, publications from
Great Britain's independent regulator for work-related </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">health</span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">safety</span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> and illness. It
is best resources for HSE latest update and knowledge bank.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">7. <a href=" http://hsa.ie/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Health and Safety Authorit</a>y</span></b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"> </span> </span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b><i>Health and
Safety Authority (HSA)</i></b> is the national body in Ireland, established
in 1989 under the <em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Safety</span></b></em>, <em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Health</span></b></em> and Welfare at Work Act, 1989 and
responsible to secure health and safety at work by monitoring compliance with
legislation at the workplace and can take enforcement action<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">8. <a href=" https://iosh.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">IOSH: Institution of Occupational Safety and Health</a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b>Institution of
Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH)</b> </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">is the Chartered body and leading membership organization for
safety and health professionals. It </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; line-height: 150%;">is the world's largest health and safety membership body with
more than 44,000 members in 99 countries. This organization is committed to
ensuring global work practices are safe, healthy and sustainable.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">9. </span></b><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.nebosh.org.uk/home/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">NEBOSH: <em><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">National Examination Board in
Occupational Safety</span></em></a></span></b></span></h3><div><b><br /></b></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><em><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">NEBOSH</span></b></em><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> (<em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">National Examination Board in
Occupational Safety and Health)</span></b></em> was founded in 1979 and is
an HSE qualification awarding body recognized globally. It is a UK-based examination board offering
qualifications and courses in health, safety, environment and well-being
management. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">10. <a href="https://www.dol.gov/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; text-decoration-line: none;">US Department of Labor</span></a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b><i>United States
Department of Labor(USDoL)</i></b> is a
cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government, responsible for
occupational safety and health, wage and hour standards, unemployment benefits,
reemployment services, and occasionally, economic statistics. It is great
source for HSE legislation.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">11. </span></b><em><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.pso.ahrq.gov/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Patient Safety Organizations</a></span></b></em></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><em><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Patient Safety
Organizations</span></b></em><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> (PSOs)
is a group, institution, or association collect and analyze data voluntarily
reported by healthcare providers to help improve patient safety and</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Health
and also </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">improves medical care
by reducing medical errors. There other functions includes reporting,
education, funding, and advocacy.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">12. </span></b><a href="https://www.ahrq.gov/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration-line: none;">Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality</span></b></a></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality (<em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">AHRQ)</span></b></em> is excellence in healthcare by producing
evidence to make healthcare safer, higher quality, more accessible, equitable,
and affordable. The Agency is one of twelve agencies within the United States
Department of Health and Human Services. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">13<a name="_GoBack"></a>. </span></b><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.assp.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ASSP - American Society of SafetyProfessionals</a></span></b></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">American Society
of Safety Professionals</span></b></em> <b>(ASSP),</b> formerly known as
American Society of Safety Engineers until June 2018, is an association
dedicated to supporting safety professionals and a global organization of more
than 39,000 occupational safety and health professional.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">14. </span></b><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.oig.dol.gov/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Office of Inspector General - U.S. Departmentof Labor</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">This organization conducts
audits to examine the effectiveness, efficiency, economy and integrity of all
the programs and operations of the Ministry of Labor, including those executed
by its contractors and beneficiaries to be determined with the applicable laws
and regulations.</span></p><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The </span><i>Office of the Inspector General (OIG)</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> also conducts
criminal, civil and administrative investigations into alleged violations of
federal laws related to the programs and operations of the Ministry of Labor.
It also conducts criminal investigations to combat the influence of organized
labor crime and organized crime on the country's unions.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">15. </span></b><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.aiha.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">American
Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)</a></span></b><span style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.aiha.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> </a> </span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The American
Industrial Hygiene Association (<em><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">AIHA)</span></em></span></b><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> is non-profit organization and the association for scientists and
professionals committed to preserving and ensuring OEHS in the workplace and
community. The mission of this organization is "Creating knowledge to
protect worker health." It works to provide information and resources to
Industrial Hygienists and Occupational Health professionals.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0in 2.25pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">16. </span></b><a href="https://www.ccohs.ca/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><em><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">CCOHS</span></b></em><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span></b><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">Canadian Centre for
Occupational Health and Safety</span></b></a></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b><i>Canadian Centre
for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS)</i></b> is an independent
departmental corporation under Schedule II of the Financial Administration Act
and is accountable to Parliament through the Minister of Labour working for the
promotion of safe and healthy workplaces and the prevention of work-related injuries,
illnesses and deaths. Additional work in this area is being done by the
provincial and territorial ministries of labor and workers' compensation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">17. <a href="https://www.msha.gov/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mine Safety and
Health Administration (<em><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">MSHA)</span></em></a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><em><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Mine</span></b></em><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> <em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Safety and Health Administration</span></b></em> (<em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">MSHA</span></b></em>)
is a large agency of the United States Department of Labor which administers
the provisions of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 to enforce
compliance. It provides updates on Health and safety.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">18. </span><span style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.epa.gov/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></span></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><em><b><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">United State
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) </span></b></em><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">is an independent executive agency of the United States
federal government <em><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">r</span></em>eport an environmental violation and help in strengthening scientific
integrity with environmental protection matters. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">19. <a href=" https://www.jointcommission.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">The Joint Commission</a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The Joint Commission (TJC) is
a United States-based nonprofit tax-exempt organization that accredits more
than 22,000 US health care organizations and programs. It is mainly a accreditation,
certification body, provide standards and services in measurement and
performance improvement areas. The
international branch accredits medical services from around the world<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">20. </span></b><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href=" https://worldsafety.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">World Safety Organization</a></span></b></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b>World Safety
Organization</b> (WSO) is an international professional association in safety founded
in 1975 in Manila, Republic of the Philippines, helps initiate safety
organizations, gives incentives and support to others, and encourages advanced
organizations in highly developed countries. </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">21. </span></b><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://ansi.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">American National Standards Institute</a></span></b></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b><i>American National
Standards Institute (ANSI)</i></b> is a private, non-profit organization whose
mission is to improve both the global competitiveness of American businesses
and the quality of life in the United States by promoting and facilitating
standards for products, services, processes, systems and people in the United
States. It fosters this potential for the benefit of companies in all sectors
and consumers around the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">22. <a href="https://www.acgih.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists</a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b><i>American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists<em><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> (ACGIH)</span></em></i></b> is a
charitable scientific organization that advances occupational and environmental
health and a professional association of industrial hygienists and
practitioners of related professions. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">23. <a href=" http://www.nfpa.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">National Fire Protection Association</a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The National Fire Protection
Association (<em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">NFPA) </span></b></em>is
an international nonprofit self-funded organization developed international
codes and standard for Fire and Life safety. NFPA is devoted to eliminating
death, injury, property and economic loss due to fire, flammable chemicals,
flammable dust and other combustible substances, electrical and related hazards.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">24. <a href="https://www.oshrc.gov/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission</a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Occupational
Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC)</span></b></em> is an
independent federal agency created under the Occupational Safety and Health Act
but is not part of the Department of Labor or OSHA. It’s main function is to
decide contests of citations or penalties resulting from OSHA inspections of
American work places.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">25. <a href="https://www.bcrsp.ca/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Board of Canadian RegisteredSafety Professionals</a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b><i>Board of Canadian
Registered Safety Professionals (BCRSP)</i></b> is the certification body for
the occupational health and safety and thus provides certification of occupational
health and safety professionals in Canada and has an established Code of
Ethics. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">26. <a href="https://www.iirsm.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">International
Institute of Risk & Safety Management</a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">International
Institute of Risk & Safety Management (IIRSM)</span></i></b><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> help professionals for managing risks
in their areas and provides practical education, training, advice, resources
and networking to help people and organizations to manage the challenges they
face and appreciate the vital role risk management. With these functions, IIRSM
plays vital role in protecting profits and reputation, to more importantly
lives.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">27. <a href="https://www.fda.gov/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Food and Drug Administration</a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The Food and Drug
Administration (<em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">FDA)</span></b></em> is United States federal agency of the
Department of Health and Human Services and responsible for protecting the
public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and
veterinary drugs, biological products, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">28. <a href="https://www.britsafe.org" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">British Safety Council</a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <em><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">British Safety
Council</span></b></em><b> (BSC) </b>is recognized worldwide as training
and certification organization in the field of Safety and health as it is dedicated
to making sure no-one is injured or made ill through their work. It is c<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ouncil registered charity founded by James Tye in
1957, is one of the world's leading health and safety organisations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">29. <a href="http://english.www.gov.cn/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">State Administration of Work Safety</a></span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b><i>State Administration
of Work Safety (SAWS),</i></b> reporting to the State Council, is the
non-ministerial agency of the Government of the People's Republic of China
responsible for the regulation of risks to occupational safety and health in
China. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 107%;">30.
<a href="https://www.api.org/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">American petroleum institute (API)</a></span></b><b><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b><i>American Petroleum
Institute (API)</i></b> is the largest trade association in the United States
for the petroleum and natural gas industry. It claims to represent nearly 600
companies involved in the production, refining, distribution and many other
aspects of the petroleum industry. API standards are developed through the
American National API Standards Institute accredited process, ensuring that API
standards are recognized not only for their technical rigor but also for their
accreditation by third parties, facilitating acceptance by some of the
standards, state, federal and
increasingly international regulators.</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You may find affiliate
links in this article. This means that if you click on a link and purchase any
of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at no additional
cost to you, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions or reviews. Everything
we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews
are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-59276748637309190562023-02-04T18:25:00.000+01:002023-02-04T18:25:49.390+01:00How to maintain integrity of Flameproof Electrical Fittings and Equipment during Maintenance<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Maintaining the
integrity of electrical equipment</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> in hazardous industries is a challenge during maintenance
work, as all explosion protection techniques are based on maintaining <b><i>the
<a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/integrity" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">integrity</a> of the enclosure</i></b> of such equipment. To maintain the integrity
of explosion-proof / flame-proof electrical installations or equipment, great
care must be taken when performing any repair or maintenance work on them.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-0wzsczeaA8wqps-OYYKlxBzja4vzQcDH4GFuUjhBuOwpHb38klZYjafnupXlZdNmqvTQFYK9znIStVm682y_y_Th8cJcnOQl47nkdNjRPNE38-N7XDyVm2TtxFaACZhOQ_dF2pZhFSo/s900/integrity-flameproof-electrical-fittings-maintenance.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How to maintain integrity of Flameproof Electrical Fittings and Equipment during Maintenance" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-0wzsczeaA8wqps-OYYKlxBzja4vzQcDH4GFuUjhBuOwpHb38klZYjafnupXlZdNmqvTQFYK9znIStVm682y_y_Th8cJcnOQl47nkdNjRPNE38-N7XDyVm2TtxFaACZhOQ_dF2pZhFSo/s16000/integrity-flameproof-electrical-fittings-maintenance.jpg" title="How to maintain integrity of Flameproof Electrical Fittings and Equipment during Maintenance" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">How to
maintain integrity of Flameproof Electrical Fittings and Equipment during
Maintenance<span><a name='more'></a></span></span></b></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Flameproof Electrical
Fittings and Equipment: </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">To determine the type of electrical installation appropriate for a
particular situation, national and international standards provide guidelines
for classifying hazardous areas into three zones namely zone "0",
zone "1" and zone "2" according to the degree of
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">probability</a> of the presence of a hazardous atmosphere.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How to maintain integrity of Flameproof Electrical
Fittings and Equipment </span></b></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">To
<b><i>ensure the integrity of electrical equipme</i>n</b>t, connections and fittings in
hazardous areas, here are the important safety precautions or safety check
points identified which must be kept in mind when performing any repair or
maintenance of electrical installation or equipment:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Check for any mechanical
damage, corrosion, dust collection, condensate collection, loose hardware,
condition of connectors and cables, tightness of clamps, condition of glass
display windows and glass covers of light fitting and any visible cracks on
equipment.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Clean exteriors of
dust/dirt, touch up with correct quality of paint.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Ensure that nameplate
data are not tempered.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Seals and gasket used
to maintain the integrity of an enclosure should be checked to ensure for
deterioration. Damaged seals/gasket should be replaced in time.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">5. Ensure that
all-stopping plugs and bolts are in position and adequately tightened. Omission
of bolts or other fasteners in any <a href="https://www.cortemgroup.com/en/products/electrical-fittings" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">explosion proof fitting</a> makes it as ordinary
one. Use proper size and type of blanking plugs with correct threads.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">6. When replacing cover
bolts/screws, always use specified size and material. Always use proper size of
Allen keys.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">7. Cabling should be
carefully checked to ensure that there is no damage in its protection (conduit,
armoring or sheath) or its insulation that might lead to the possibility of an
arc or spark. There should be no damage to the cabling during
repair/maintenance.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">8. Ensure that cable
glands are correctly fitted.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">9. Cable sealing box only
performs its function if it remains filled with a compound that will prevent
the passage of gas or an explosion. Check for the same.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">10. All electrical
connections should be tightened adequately.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">11. Check the equipment
for corrosion, which might invalidate the type of protection. Particularly the
faces of flame-path should be checked for corrosion. To prevent the rusting in
cast iron enclosures a thin film of non-setting and specified grease may be
applied.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">12. The clearance between
two mating surfaces of the enclosure is to be maintained. Do not provide any
setting agent to fill the gap between two mating surfaces. However non-setting
material may be used for preventing the entry of dust etc. into the equipment.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">13. Undue vibrations on
such equipment should be avoided.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p><p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Prepare <b><i>standard
safety checklist</i></b> and follow it during performing maintenance work on
electrical equipment/fitting to <b>maintain integrity of Flameproof Electrical
Fittings and Equipment during Maintenance.</b></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p> </p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You may find affiliate
links in this article. This means that if you click on a link and purchase any
of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at no additional
cost to you, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions or reviews. Everything
we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews
are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-48992847672832873642023-02-04T18:22:00.001+01:002023-02-04T18:22:54.498+01:00Why should emergency exit signs be green, not red? EHS guide<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTJ8H_bju8FvYNU9ep-9ZYwtYH8Lvg5oYkf8JvLPF80AOf3dKGk7TwOKgdHanvLsZD_ApAfQOMy7je0MR_mMoeheXuTNdS28uO6LrLUsDo-Jl4rMtUQhp3cp6WCpxCXySRu7X6ajSSsxk/s1600/Why-emergency-exit-signs-green-not-red.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Emergency exit signs should be green and not red" border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTJ8H_bju8FvYNU9ep-9ZYwtYH8Lvg5oYkf8JvLPF80AOf3dKGk7TwOKgdHanvLsZD_ApAfQOMy7je0MR_mMoeheXuTNdS28uO6LrLUsDo-Jl4rMtUQhp3cp6WCpxCXySRu7X6ajSSsxk/s16000/Why-emergency-exit-signs-green-not-red.jpg" title="Why should emergency exit signs be green, not red?" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Why should
emergency exit signs be green, not red?</span></span></b></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In most
countries, viz. Europe, United Kingdom, India, China, Japan, Australia, New
Zealand and South Korea, emergency exit signs are green according to Directive
92/58 / EEC, BS EN 1838 and BS 5266 while in the United States, red and green
are allowed both </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">but
mostly are in red.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><script async="" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">It is still
questionable that if the red colour is more visible from a distance, then why
the emergency exit signs should not be red. There may be two main reasons
behind the most acceptable green colour for the emergency sings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <b>Scattering
and diffraction</b> effect of light in smoke: green causes less distortion and
is more visible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <b>Human
psychology</b>: Green represent ‘safe’ while Red is ‘danger’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: large;">1. Scattering
and diffraction of light in smoke</span></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">What is
scattering of light?<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">When light
interacts with the particles, it is partially absorbed by the particles and
then emitted at a slightly different energy / wavelength is called light
scattering. When light travel from one medium to another Eg. air, part of the
light is absorbed by the particles of the medium preceded by its subsequent
radiation in a particular direction. This phenomenon is called light
scattering. The intensity of the scattered light differs on the size of the
particles and the wavelength of the light.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Scattering
occurs when a light is absorbed by particles and then emitted, while reflection
occurs when light is simply reflected on the surface without interacting.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6sZDIfbH3KNaDRv43n8Zwyzuss9yva9fbLYF_YHxDcUoNJu6gVuTV1lJCU7My4coj3KTKR1lZ6PonPSeitjABNCue4IVIgBpoysIM37YOXPes7uVHOe9lkC0IdOzk7b-GvSYW6meMLvk/s1600/Scattering_wavelength_relation.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Scattering of light" border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="429" height="538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6sZDIfbH3KNaDRv43n8Zwyzuss9yva9fbLYF_YHxDcUoNJu6gVuTV1lJCU7My4coj3KTKR1lZ6PonPSeitjABNCue4IVIgBpoysIM37YOXPes7uVHOe9lkC0IdOzk7b-GvSYW6meMLvk/s640/Scattering_wavelength_relation.jpg" title="Why should emergency exit signs be green, not red?" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Scattering of light</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Blue /
purple light has the shortest wavelength, therefore, most scattered, while red
has the longest and least scattered wavelength, so it can be seen from a
distance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The green is
in the middle and, therefore, is not very scattered, but it can also be seen
from a distance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">What is diffraction
of light?</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Diffraction
is the slight bending of light as it travels across the edge of an object. The extent
of bending depends on the comparative size of the light wavelength in relation
to the size of the opening. If the aperture is much greater than the wavelength
of the light, the bending will be almost imperceptible. However, if the two are
closer the amount of bending is considerable and easily visible to the naked
eye.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The longer
the wavelength, the greater the diffraction effect. Red light has a longer
wavelength, while blue / purple light has the shortest wavelength and green is
intermediate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWuXEC6zDmHBvZ3tTefVl6XsFaEFptZiy9hVIJI5tTyUFF-4sovbTLpTr6eZzTZqk4nhbcg349d3ElCDEFTC9BeKt6o9HiujIArzY2welWc283wWwJ0RWMJEGupDqu0oMtoNE77TxuL7w/s1600/diffraction-of-light.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Diffraction of light" border="0" data-original-height="181" data-original-width="249" height="465" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWuXEC6zDmHBvZ3tTefVl6XsFaEFptZiy9hVIJI5tTyUFF-4sovbTLpTr6eZzTZqk4nhbcg349d3ElCDEFTC9BeKt6o9HiujIArzY2welWc283wWwJ0RWMJEGupDqu0oMtoNE77TxuL7w/s640/diffraction-of-light.jpg" title="Why should emergency exit signs be green, not red?" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Diffraction of light</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Therefore,
the red light has more diffraction, while the green one has less diffraction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In the image
above, the light diffraction pattern shows a maximum point of light in the centre
surrounded by secondary maxima of much lower intensity. Green light has an
average wavelength, or we can say less compared to red light, therefore, a
narrow diffraction, while red light has a longer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">wavelength</a>, the wider the
diffraction pattern. The slot light at the bottom of the light box scattered in
the vicinity and increased background noise, which reduced visibility.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX7UMbTgfF0XcvVAYGJwUvY99yUC9TwrHpKoQ6jENVuUNg15iBrC9KwIi8i2wVjup7XJAZ1U03gN8L03BoSq730VObl-Ua4ed59qZoreiPKi32ll0Wtr_JtVX9fXQ1XU2KCfvgoZn7jkA/s1600/Red-green-light-diffraction.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Red light diffract more" border="0" data-original-height="447" data-original-width="447" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX7UMbTgfF0XcvVAYGJwUvY99yUC9TwrHpKoQ6jENVuUNg15iBrC9KwIi8i2wVjup7XJAZ1U03gN8L03BoSq730VObl-Ua4ed59qZoreiPKi32ll0Wtr_JtVX9fXQ1XU2KCfvgoZn7jkA/s640/Red-green-light-diffraction.jpg" title="diffraction of light?" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Red light diffract more</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">Because
different colours of light travel at different </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength" rel="nofollow" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt;" target="_blank">wavelengths</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">, some are easier to
see than others, however, green is the most visible colour from a distance
because the wavelength of green light is medium and it is insignificantly
dispersed from the direct path to the observer. Therefore, the remaining
non-scattered light is mainly of longer wavelengths and looks redder but looks
like a scattered spot.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Another
reason is that fluorescent green can be seen better than other distant colours
in a dense smoke-filled environment due to a lower diffraction and dispersion
effect. Simplifying the scattering phenomena, it clearly illustrates that the
green colour cannot be easily suppressed for flashing lights in smoke-filled
environments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd5AUgvAllI2uiD0lnSh3tB_lgrlNIgd9Mw6misy-l31m0tZwOE2tOB8TJOeCJ5LCo5FYad5rBssjL0Xd-adFyquyvshbUnGkB5YQxL0ebcJVn5EjlkAMZQfZ6fv-1WVy-AjHuHL1QRTM/s1600/Red-light-diffraction.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Diffraction of red light in dense smoke" border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="542" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd5AUgvAllI2uiD0lnSh3tB_lgrlNIgd9Mw6misy-l31m0tZwOE2tOB8TJOeCJ5LCo5FYad5rBssjL0Xd-adFyquyvshbUnGkB5YQxL0ebcJVn5EjlkAMZQfZ6fv-1WVy-AjHuHL1QRTM/s640/Red-light-diffraction.jpg" title="Why should emergency exit signs be green, not red?" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Diffraction of red light in dense smoke</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">The red colour
has the longest wavelength, which means that it is less scattered by small
particles than many other visible colours with shorter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">wavelength</a>s, therefore,
visible from distance, but due to its greater diffraction effect, It looks like
a red spot in a dense area full of smoke. This red spot can confuse people in a
panic / crisis scenario, and they may think there is a fire and prevent them
from approaching.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhaps most
importantly, it is likely that the materials used for the faces of the green signs
transmit more visible <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_energy" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">radiant energy </a>to all occupants than the materials used
for the red signs. After all, it is probably better not to have red exit signs.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
</h3>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">2. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;">Human science and psychology: green is ‘safe’ while
red is ‘danger’<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Human
Sciences – Colour Sensitivity of human eyes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Human eyes
are more sensitive to light with a wavelength of approximately 555 nm, which
corresponds to a green colour. Human rod cells are more sensitive to the
wavelength of green than red.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Our eyes
have three types of photoreceptor cells called cones, which contain
photographic pigments, which are designed to detect wavelengths. Together, the
cones work to communicate to the brain the colours we see. During the day, our
eyes can more easily capture green light, followed by yellow and blue. Along
with the cones, photoreceptor cells called rods help the eye see during periods
of low light. When it is dark, yellowish green becomes the most visible colour
from a distance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">We can
detect visible light due to cone-shaped cells in our eyes that are sensitive to
the wavelengths of certain forms of light. Other forms of light are invisible
to humans because their wavelengths are too small or too large to be detected
by our eyes. Humans can only detect <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">wavelengths </a>between 380 and 700 nanometers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfHGnwsAv6wSJ5axfnDLB5KR4MXL2oFz4dn4rPyrN_nm6spZX5RUmslknURZV57YCgLD_r0bPWUnA7Z6JgbNrmf5gep6yGsIG77wEaAQJ8UtVKtIP5yH8A93QLbiCrLkUnZovF6WFchzI/s1600/Protan-eyes.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Protans - colour blindness" border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="550" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfHGnwsAv6wSJ5axfnDLB5KR4MXL2oFz4dn4rPyrN_nm6spZX5RUmslknURZV57YCgLD_r0bPWUnA7Z6JgbNrmf5gep6yGsIG77wEaAQJ8UtVKtIP5yH8A93QLbiCrLkUnZovF6WFchzI/s640/Protan-eyes.jpg" title="Human Sciences – Colour Sensitivity of human eyes" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Also, if we
see, there are three main classes of colour deficiency in humans: protanopia,
deuteranopia and tritanopia. Protan defects (most of the human) are
characterized by the loss or alteration of the long wavelength photopigment
(red); Deutans defects (less peoples) are characterized by the loss or
alteration of the medium wavelength photopigment (green); and tritan defects
(very rare) are characterized by the loss or deterioration of the short
wavelength photopigment (blue).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">In addition,
an abnormal vision of colours has proven to be an important factor. Most people
suffer from protan colour blindness, which means they are less sensitive to
red. The Protans had more problems with the red signs as expected for their
loss of sensitivity at long wavelengths. Although smoke may disperse red
wavelengths less, these long wavelengths are less detectable by protons and,
therefore, it would be preferable for the output signals to be green.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Green signs
are more detectable/ visible in dense smoke and, therefore, more reliable.<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Human
psychology about colours<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgovNNJHO2VMWQLSIwi6PGL6-FLHhhud_rMFEa0kgzTeZr3EHh5ePspwEububkEMBE_Sp3Z6BAtoVgtnJS5WtAOo1Cj_RzfB3LBcnmZUp5QKUIZz3X8Jx4t0VxcQcQDFMGkJkIWAYRaZsk/s1600/Red-exit-sign-in-smoke.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Red Exit sign confusing" border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgovNNJHO2VMWQLSIwi6PGL6-FLHhhud_rMFEa0kgzTeZr3EHh5ePspwEububkEMBE_Sp3Z6BAtoVgtnJS5WtAOo1Cj_RzfB3LBcnmZUp5QKUIZz3X8Jx4t0VxcQcQDFMGkJkIWAYRaZsk/s1600/Red-exit-sign-in-smoke.jpg" title="Human psychology about colours" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The red colour
is associated with danger, alerts people about the crisis. From childhood, people
are trained to recognize red as "Danger or" Stop, so in an emergency
this can cause confusion. While the colour green is related to safety, it means
"safe" and "go," making it clear to the public that they
should remain calm and follow the signs. This means that in case of a fire
emergency, people will run to the green sign and avoid running to the red one.
Therefore, a red light could discourage people from using a red exit sign,
while green could be encouraging.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Conclusion</span></b></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The red colour
sign has a greater diffraction effect and, therefore, looks like a red spot in
densely filled smoke spaces, it is less sensitive to normal human eyes as well
as to the protans, although it has a longer wavelength.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Against red,
the green colour signs has average wavelength, less diffraction effect, less
dispersion and, therefore, more visible from a distance, even in densely filled
smoke spaces, is more sensitive to normal human eyes and protans too.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Psychologically
also, green represents a safe "GO", while red represents a danger
"STOP" and, therefore, in an emergency, people prefer to exit from green.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Therefore,
emergency exit signs should be green, not red.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">You may
find affiliate links in this article. This means that if you click on a link
and purchase any of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at
no additional cost to you, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions
or reviews. Everything we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our
knowledge sharing, reviews are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></i></p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="color: #274e13; font-size: 18.6667px;"><i><b>Related Articles</b></i></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-1054957671986566652023-02-04T18:20:00.001+01:002023-02-04T18:20:32.777+01:00Safety in use of Industrial Power Tools, fixed and portable power machines<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Portable electric
power machines and industrial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_tool" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">power tools</a></span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> are great for getting a job done quickly and
accurately but are dangerous if not used properly. <b><i>Special <a href="https://www.safeworldhse.com/2019/12/what-types-safety-hazards.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">safety</a>
precautions</i></b> should be taken when using it <b><i>to avoid <a href="https://www.ask-ehs.com/blog/injury-and-illness-recordkeeping-and-reporting-requirements-with-special-reference-to-osha/#:~:text=Injury%20or%20illness%20which%20requires,or%20illness%20as%20per%20OSHA." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">injury</a></i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6MR5XrZhlYYEPpIqEK6PVhLfn0GnMVPotyH-G0diUSWUsdJ1Gymra4_3XK9AWKLcVv7zz3jCExTiKv-HsuoGOAbcjq-xwnTfuxz9wQ9nc9f8_2PHQ-ODdjRi06795svMcrN-vMRAeX9Q/s900/safety-in-use-of-industrial-power-tools-machine.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Safety in use of Industrial Power Tools, fixed and portable power machines" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6MR5XrZhlYYEPpIqEK6PVhLfn0GnMVPotyH-G0diUSWUsdJ1Gymra4_3XK9AWKLcVv7zz3jCExTiKv-HsuoGOAbcjq-xwnTfuxz9wQ9nc9f8_2PHQ-ODdjRi06795svMcrN-vMRAeX9Q/s16000/safety-in-use-of-industrial-power-tools-machine.jpg" title="Safety in use of Industrial Power Tools, fixed and portable power machines" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 107%;">Safety in use of Industrial Power
Tools, fixed and portable power machines</span></b></div><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 107%;"><span><a name='more'></a></span></span></b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Here are the <i><b>special
safety precautions</b></i> when using <b><i>industrial power tools and machines</i></b> powered by
electric and classified as safety when using stationary or mounted <b><i>power tools
/ machines and portable power tools</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety in use of Fixed
or Mounted Power Tools/ machines</span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Lathe machines, grinding,
drilling and boring machines etc. are covered under this category. Beside the
mechanical hazards associated with the operation of the machines, electrical
power supplied to these also poses the hazards if not maintained properly. Following
safety guidelines are helpful to make such machines safe for use:<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Keep appropriate
distances on all sides of machine to facilitate safe movement of operator.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Provide electric cable
of proper size and rating and lay it underground or through a rack in such a
way that it does not create obstruction to the operator during his routine
activities.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Provide <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/safety-device" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">safety devices</a>/protections on every machine as per the size, voltage level and power
requirement of the machine.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Protect the machine
against monsoon water and dust.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">5. Provide adequate
guards to fence the moving parts of the machine. If possible, <a href="https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/machineguarding/guards.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">mechanical guards</a>
should be interlocked with electrical power supply.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">6. Mark the maximum
utilization level and its speed on or nearby all machines.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">7. Ensure sufficient
illumination level around such machines.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">8. Provide adequate
earthing to each machine.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">9. Ensure proper
electrical isolation prior any maintenance work on such machines.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">10. Wear all necessary
<a href="https://www.osha.gov/personal-protective-equipment" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">personal protective equipment</a> like safety goggles, face shields, safety shoes
etc while working on such machines/equipment.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">11. Do not wear gloves,
ties, mufflers, loose clothing and jewelry while working on such machines.
Clothing should be free from oil, solvents or frayed edges to minimize the fire
hazards due to flying sparks.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety in use of Portable
Power Tools</span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.
Disconnect the electrical connection before changing the accessories on the portable
power tools.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2.
Make sure that the guards are available before using the tool again.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3.
Do not leave a tool overhead where there is a risk of falling if someone pulls
on the cable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">4.
Lay the power cables of the tools so that they do not present a <a href="https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/falls.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">risk of tripping</a>. Do not hang cables over aisles or work areas whenever possible.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5.
Do not hang cables over nails, bolts or sharp edges. Keep them away from oil,
chemicals and hot surfaces.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">6.
When working at height with power tools, provide suitable scaffolding or a safe
working platform if necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">7.
Protect eyes and ears when working with explosive cartridge equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">8.
Use insulating rubber platforms / mats and rubber gloves to provide additional
safety against electric shock when working with portable power tools in wet
locations such as tanks, boilers and wet soils.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">9.
Power all portable power tools through an appropriately rated Earth Leakage
Circuit Breaker (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker#:~:text=An%20Earth%2Dleakage%20circuit%20breaker,a%20dangerous%20voltage%20is%20detected." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">ELCB</a>).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">10.
Make sure all tools contain a non-conductive handle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">11.
Use tools with double insulation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">12.
All tools must be effectively grounded<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Need of safety
Inspection of Portable Power Tools</span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">To maintain all portable power tools
reliable and safe to use, it is necessary to establish a safety inspection
system to ensure that portable power tools / equipment is tested and certified
by a qualified person before being used anywhere in the facility.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">A sticker indicating the result of
the inspection (OK / Not OK), the date of the inspection and the validity must
be affixed with all tools by the certification agency.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Tools with the status OK should only
be authorized for use throughout the installation. Defective tools (with the
status Not OK) should be kept at an identified location for repair.
Non-repairable tools must be isolated and removed from the site.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">In addition to scheduled testing,
perform a physical visual inspection of all portable power tools before each
use. Electrical connection should be provided by a authorized electrician and
should only be provided for tested / certified tools / equipment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">The owner (including contractors) is
responsible for having all portable power tools / equipment in their care
tested and certified by the authority having jurisdiction before use.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Safety in use of Portable
electric power machines and industrial power tools</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> must be ensured in workplace by
following proper inspection, testing and preventive maintenance schedule. All
these equipments and machines are great for getting a job done quickly and
accurately but are dangerous if not used properly. <b><i>Special safety
precautions</i></b> should be taken when using <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">power tools and machines to<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> avoid injury</span></i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p></p><div><br /></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You may find affiliate
links in this article. This means that if you click on a link and purchase any
of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at no additional
cost to you, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions or reviews. Everything
we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews
are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-38389974771787972652023-02-04T18:20:00.000+01:002023-02-04T18:20:11.308+01:00Temporary Electrical Connections Safety in Hazardous Area<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Temporary electrical
connections</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> are
required in industries to perform certain work in an operational area
classified as a hazardous zone, <b><i>special <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/safety-precaution#:~:text=(%CB%88se%C9%AAft%C9%AA%20pr%C9%AA%CB%88k%C9%94%CB%90%CA%83%C9%99n%20),Collins%20English%20Dictionary." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">safety precaution</a></i></b> must be
followed when providing such temporary connections to maintain the integrity of
the explosion/flame proof fittings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2MVMhV27T0rcdbPMZ5a56TV-509B6VkqpKdi3TvwLxqTMoi1-LvAh58UVxC6VDGzRvryKzmul__A2whSlJAbWXhtNT4F1bfKuOiYIEpuH_oKOHzdH_kUWFVsjyVhmZ-TPWm3hJrl7E0w/s900/temporary-electrical-connection-safety.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Temporary Electrical Connections Safety in Hazardous Area" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2MVMhV27T0rcdbPMZ5a56TV-509B6VkqpKdi3TvwLxqTMoi1-LvAh58UVxC6VDGzRvryKzmul__A2whSlJAbWXhtNT4F1bfKuOiYIEpuH_oKOHzdH_kUWFVsjyVhmZ-TPWm3hJrl7E0w/s16000/temporary-electrical-connection-safety.jpg" title="Temporary Electrical Connections Safety in Hazardous Area" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">Temporary
Electrical Connections Safety in Hazardous Area<span><a name='more'></a></span></span></b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Sometimes it is necessary
to provide a <b><i>temporary power supply</i></b> to carry out various
activities within the battery limits of various plants of factory. The most
common uses are for powering 24V hand lights, spotlights, portable grinders,
welding machines, electrical blower- extractor, etc. It is the joint
responsibility of the relevant works supervisor and the maintenance manager to
ensure that the following precautions are taken when providing temporary
electrical connections;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 40px;">Safety in </span></b><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt;">Temporary
Electrical Connections in Hazardous Area</span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 22.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Competent electrical
person must give temporary electrical connection from nearby available source
against a valid <a href="https://www.cic.gc.ca/english/helpcentre/results-by-topic.asp?top=17" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">work permit </a>only.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2. If the temporary
supply is required for driving equipment like electrical blower, electrical
extractor, de-watering pump, welding machine, grinding machine, drilling
machine, etc., the electrical person should check the condition of equipment
before giving connection. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Avoid laying electric cable
of such temporary connections across the walkways, roads etc. as far as
possible. Use overhead means to lay electric cables wherever possible.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Check the availability
of distribution boards installed in plants at strategic locations (generally
all industrial installations are provided with such fittings) for temporary
connections. Hence connections should be given from the nearby distribution
board without extending long cables.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">5. Cables and extension
boards to be protected against possible rain, water, floor washing, etc. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">6. Armored cable of
adequate rating should be used for temporary connections as far as possible.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">7. Cable joints should be
avoided to an extent possible. If it is necessary, these should be properly
insulated and protected from rain, water, etc.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">8. Temporary supply
should be given with a proper plug and socket arrangement. An Industrial plugs
and flameproof fittings must be ensured for all connections.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">9. All temporary
installations should be disconnected and removed after job is completed.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">10. All temporary
electrical supply up to 415V and below should be through ELCB circuit. Electrical
engineer must ensure all such ELCBs are tested once in a year. Record of such
tests must be maintained as ELCB Testing Report<i>.</i><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">11. Extension boards
should be of non-combustible material and there should be fuse with light
indicator to the extent possible, on main in-comer in extension switchboard.
Every outgoing circuit from extension board must have separate socket plug
controlling switch on it.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">12. Specific designed
electric fittings to be used in hazardous areas according to electric area
classification. Joints are strictly prohibited in such areas.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">13. Temporary electric
supply should be strictly used for the job to which it is given. Any alteration
in intention should be brought to the notice of concerned electrical person to
avoid overheating, overloading, etc.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">14. Temporary electrical
supply to equipment like welding machine, drilling machine, grinding machine
etc, in hazardous areas shall be given against hot work permit only.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">15. For portable
grinders, drilling machines, etc., earthing wire should be extended up to the
body parts of the machine.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">16. Avoid temporary cord
from mechanical damage. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">17. Wet floor or logged
water near to temporary cable fitting must be avoided.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">18. Loose connection must
be avoided to prevent ignition hazard.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></p>
<p><b style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Temporary
electrical connections</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> are required in industries to perform certain work such as welding,
grinding, power the portable tools, electrical blower and extractor, etc. in an
operational area classified as a hazardous zone. To avoid any fire, explosion
and electrocution, <b><i>special safety precaution</i></b> must be followed
when providing such temporary connections to maintain the integrity of the
explosion/flame proof fittings.</span> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You may find affiliate
links in this article. This means that if you click on a link and purchase any
of the products on this page, we may receive a commission, at no additional
cost to you, It does not affect our knowledge sharing, opinions or reviews. Everything
we do is benefit for you as the reader, so all our knowledge sharing, reviews
are as honest and unbiased as possible.</span></i><o:p></o:p></p><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5106702533828988573.post-17112291913498440412023-02-04T18:18:00.001+01:002023-02-04T18:18:19.002+01:00Safety in Overhead Transmission Lines maintenance work - EHS<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">When
working near or on <b><i>overhead transmission lines</i></b>, manage the <b><i>risks</i></b>
if you intend to work within a distance of 10 m, measured at ground level
horizontally from below the nearest wire. </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Going close to a live overhead
line can result in a flash-over that may kill and therefore, p</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">roper planning, <b><i>Risk</i></b>
assessment and consultation with interested parties before and during any work
close to <b><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_power_line#:~:text=An%20overhead%20power%20line%20is,suspended%20by%20towers%20or%20poles." rel="nofollow" target="_blank">overhead transmission lines</a></i></b> help to reduce the <b><i>risk
of accidents</i></b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMwf8X_ab3y3DDXL_g6SFIyM-q7rbBzQCfzapF_dgo8wQ0gzy_hKyz41XeP7gXey8GpnLt1FMVzZlxIerp14IDDBfQ25qa_tPpLq41lKsgqNhR04JSoGbeGEx_FU8zI2qgfAjI4CYHNTM/s900/safety-in-overhead-transmission-lines.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Safety in Overhead Transmission Lines maintenance work" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMwf8X_ab3y3DDXL_g6SFIyM-q7rbBzQCfzapF_dgo8wQ0gzy_hKyz41XeP7gXey8GpnLt1FMVzZlxIerp14IDDBfQ25qa_tPpLq41lKsgqNhR04JSoGbeGEx_FU8zI2qgfAjI4CYHNTM/s16000/safety-in-overhead-transmission-lines.jpg" title="Safety in Overhead Transmission Lines maintenance work" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety in Overhead Transmission Lines maintenance work<span><a name='more'></a></span></span></b></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Not
only accidental contact with <b><i>live overhead power lines</i></b> kills
people but the people are also harmed when a person or object gets too close to
a line and a flashover occurs. </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">This is <b>general safety guidance
for overhead transmission lines</b> and manage safety during its maintenance work
will definitely help to both peoples who want to work near or on overhead lines
where there is a risk of flash, arc or contact with the wires. This will also
help to identify the safety measures to prevent contact with them. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Try to avoid work in
close proximity to live overhead lines but if there is no alternative then it
can be done only when the risks are acceptable and can be properly controlled.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Touching <b><i>a power line</i></b> is not
necessary for danger; <a href="https://www.fluke.com/en-in/learn/blog/electrical/what-is-voltage" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">voltages</a> lower than 230 volts can kill and injure people,
even electricity can bypass
wood, plastic or rubber, if it is damp or dirty, and cause fatal shocks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background: white; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">How to Manage safe work on Overhead Transmission line</span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Risks of accidental contact or
close proximity to the power lines are adequately controlled by risk assessment.
Based on nature of job and Risk assessment, safety measures must be implemented
even when work near the line is of short duration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Here are the combine measures to
achieve the Safety while working on or near to overhead power transmission
line. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"></p><ol><ol><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Planning and preparation</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eliminating the danger</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Controlling the access</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Controlling the work</span></li></ol></ol><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">General Safety Tips
for working on live overhead transmission line</span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">In case there is no
options to isolate the overhead power transmission line and need to carry out
the work near it, you must think about how the work can be done safely. Conduct
a Risk assessment and If it revealed that the job cannot be done safely, it
should not be done at all. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">Risk assessment must include
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1. The consideration of voltage
and height of transmission line from the ground. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2. The nature of the work
and its exact location i.e. whether close to or <a href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/underneath" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">underneath</a> the overhead power line.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Whether lifting
equipment requires for man movement and details or it reach.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Whether access is
needed underneath the wires<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">5. Availability of free
space between the wires and the machinery or equipment or structures being
erected. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">6. The site conditions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">7. The competency of
involved manpower.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">After assessing the risk,
safety control measures must be provided and assure throughout the job.
Appropriate PPEs and safety caution signages must be assured.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Overhead transmission
line - General Safety Tips </span></b></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Safety clearances for
overhead lines must be maintained.<b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2. While using mechanical means
in the Vicinity of Electricity Overhead Lines, establish an exclusion zone around
the line and any other equipment that may be fitted to the pole or pylon. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3. The minimum extent of
these exclusion zones varies according to the voltage of the line, as follows: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"></p><ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">For a low-voltage line –
1 m</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">For a 11 kV and 33 kV
lines – 3 m</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">For 132 kV line – 6 m</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">For 275 kV and 400 kV
lines – 7 m</span></li></ul></ul><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Under no circumstances
must any part of mechanical appliances or equipment such as ladders, man
basket, cage, poles and hand tools be able to encroach within these zones. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">5. Always consider <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/safety-margin" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">safety margin</a> by allowing uncertainty in measuring the distances and for the
possibility of unexpected movement due to wind conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">6. Carry long objects
horizontally and close to the ground, assess the exclusion zone and then only
erect or use.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">7. Position vehicles such as
Chery picker so that no part can reach into the exclusion zone, even when fully
extended. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">8. Machinery such as cranes
and excavators should be modified by adding physical restraints to prevent them
reaching into the exclusion zone. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">9. Insulating guards and/or
proximity warning devices must be fitted to the appliances.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">10. All involved workforce
must understand the risks and are provided with instructions about the risk
prevention measures<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">11. This work must be directly
supervised by competent person who is familiar with the risks and can make sure
that the required safety precautions are observed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">12. If you are in any doubt
about the use of exclusion zones or how to interpret the ENA document, you
should consult the owner of the overhead line.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">13. Provide ‘Inverted U’
barrier with caution board written with fluorescent color on both the sides of
road so that it is visible during night hours, wherever high voltage
transmission lines cross the road.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">14. Under no circumstance
rod, pipes or other similar material should be there within the flashover
distances of high voltage transmission line.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">15. No material, earth work
or agriculture produce shall be dumped or stored, and plants/trees grown below
or in the vicinity of overhead transmission lines so as to reduce the requisite
safety clearances. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">16. No waste shall be burned
under the overhead lines.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">17. Avoid extra-high voltage
overhead transmission lines, crossing each other as far as possible. But if it
is required, it should be erected by keeping standard clearance as per
statutory requirement.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">18. Provide shield
wire/ground wire with overhead lines to protect against lightening.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;">Safety tips for overhead transmission line maintenance work<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Obtain an appropriate
work permit before beginning any maintenance work on an overhead transmission
line.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Check using approved
devices such as a grounding stick in the presence of the permit transmitter to
see if the line is de-energized and effectively grounded.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Make sure that the ladder
being used for the job is the correct size, with a suitable base or attached
correctly and / or someone is holding it in position.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Wear full safety harness,
electric gloves and helmet when working on overhead transmission line towers /
poles etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">5. Do not stand directly
under the post when men are working on the top.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">6. Do not work on overhead
lines during thunderstorms, lightning or heavy rain, except in an emergency.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">7. Check the condition of
the ropes before using them on a pole / tower.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">8. Divert vehicles and
pedestrian traffic while performing work on public roads or displaying warning
signs or flags. Keep a man at crossings to warn vehicles and pedestrians if
necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">9. Keep all persons a safe
distance away after completion of maintenance work and ensure that all tools
are removed prior to return of permit to energize line in accordance with LOTO.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 200%;">Summary<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">While working on or near
to <b><i>overhead transmission lines</i></b>, manage the <b><i>risks</i></b> by
providing appropriate measures after carefully assessing the exclusion zone.
There is always chance of </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">flash-over within an exclusion zone that may
kill the person </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">during
any work close to <b><i>overhead transmission lines</i></b>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">This <b><i>general safety
guidance for overhead transmission lines</i></b> and <b><i>manage safety during
its maintenance work </i></b>will help to prevent accidents while working near or
on overhead lines where there is a <b><i>risk of flash, arc or contact with the
wires</i></b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0